5. Global Burden - Mortality & Survival Flashcards
For how many countries is cancer the 1st or 2nd leading cause of death?
91 out of 172
What are the leading causes of cancer death in both sexes worldwide, with %
- Lung (18.4%)
- Colorectal (9.2%)
- Stomach (8.2%)
- Liver (8.2%)
Cancers that affect both men and women (eg not prostate/breast)
Why is the highest cancer mortality in men in India and Pakistan lip/ oral cavity when across the world it tends to be lung?
Due to a preference in chewing Tabacco, rather than smoking tobacco
What is Kaposi sarcoma and why is the mortality high in southern parts of Africa?
Cancer of the skin/mucous membranes in theGI tract.
Associated with HIV/AIDS which is prevalent in southern African countries
What parts of the world will experience the largest growth of cancer burden and why?
Developing countries, due to:
- Growing & aging populations
- Increase prevalence of risk factors (smoking & western diet)
- Continuing burden of infection-related cancers
- Limited resources to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer
Which parts of the world have seen the highest increase in prevalence of smokers?
Developing countries - Africa, parts of southern/Western Asia, some southern American countries.
Describe the difference in mortality, and the diseases that make up mortality, between high and low income countries.
Cancer takes up a larger mortality burden in high income countries, whereas low-income countries mortality is made up more of disease/infections(HIV, malaria, diarrhea, TB, LRI), etc.
IHDs and strokes are also more common in higher income countries
Why is increasing cancer burden in lower-income countries so important?
Lower-income countries take up a higher % of global population, so cancer burden is increasing substantially
What types of resources are LMIC counties lacking?
- Prevention: vaccination, screening
- Diagnosis: imaging
- Treatment: surgery, radiotherapy, cancer drugs
Which countries have the highest and lowest survival in colon and breast cancers? What may this be due to?
Highest:
Northern Europe, Australia, new zeal and, USA, Canada
Lowest:
India, Thailand, Malaysia, Russia, Central/South American
May be due to effectiveness of/ access to cancer care
Describe the breakdown of the economic burden of cancer in the UK
Healthcare expenditure: 5.6 billion
Productivity loss (morbidity, premature death): 7.6 billon
Informal care cost: 2.6 billion
Total: 15.8 billion
What is the US$ global economic value of life years lost due to cancer? How may this vary between cancers?
$895.2 billion
This may vary depending on the average age that a type of cancer causes death, eg breast kills people younger, so more years are ‘lost’
T or F
Cancer mortality in the UK is declining consistently between socioeconomic and racial groups
False,
There are persistent inequalities in mortality and survival between population groups
Which cancer types see the highest % gap between highest and lowest deprivation groups?
Oropharnyx, lung, cervix (women), larynx (men), anus, penis (men), vulva, vagina (women)
Which is the only cancer to be lower in higher deprivation groups than lower and give a reason.
Malignant melanoma
People in more deprived socioeconomic classes may not be exposed to as much sunlight due to less abroad holidays
