5. Feedstuffs Flashcards
Major cost in food animal production
poultry production most important single variable cost
pig production most important single variable cost
winter milk production (50% of the diet)
winter finishing of beef cattle (up to90% of the diet)
Grass based: creamery milk - 33% of variable costs
Grass based: suckler beef production - 25% of variable costs
Concentrate feeds: straights
concentrate feed ingredients used as a sole identifiable dietary component e.g. barley, beet pulp, oats
Concentrate feeds: blends
a mix of straights no mineral added minimal processing
Concentrate feeds: coarse mixes/muesli/crunches/sweet feed
mixes of concentrate feed ingredients, where ingredients mixed with minimal processing, individual ingredients often identifiable, contains mineral and vitamin supplements formulated for specific species, physiological state and rate of feeding
Concentrate feeds: compounds
mixes of concentrate feed ingredients blended together following mechanical and thermal processing contain mineral and vitamin supplements, flavours and other additives formulated for specific species, physiological state and rate of feeding sold as:
pellets, nuts cubes, pencils, meals, crumbs.
Difference between compounds, blends, coarse mixes etc depends on
quality of ingredients contained within them
what is quality?
-digestibility of energy/available calories
-supply of digestible protein
-type of energy/differences between species
-quality of protein/lysine content important
-palatability
-potential for toxins/plant or fungal metabolites that cause morbidity or mortality/antinutritional factors
Feed ingredient classes: Cereal Grains
Barley
Wheat
Maize
Oats
Sorghum
Feed ingredient classes: Cereal by-products
Maize gluten feed
Maize gluten meal
Maize distillers grains
Pollard wheat bran
Brewers grains
Oilseed by-products
Soyabean meal
Soya hulls
Rapeseed meal
Sunflower seed meal
Palm kernel meal
Cotton seed meal
Sugar by-products
Molassed sugar beet pulp
Unmolassed sugar beet pulp
Cane molasses
Fruit by-products
Citrus pulp
Barely, energy supplement, cereal grain
-one of most popular cereals in animal nutrition
-higher fibre lower starch than wheat
-low pre-caecal starch digestibility in the horse if uncooked
-contains beta glucans may cause sticky droppings poultry
-contains 570 to 585g of starch/kg DM
-careful introduction required for ruminants
-contains low Ca content and low lysine
Wheat, energy supplement, cereal grain
-676g of starch/kg of DM
-high energy/high starch
-high risk of rumen acidosis
-mixture of proteins called gluten
-contains low Ca content and low lysine
Maize, energy supplement, cereal grain
-high starch low protein cereal grain
-very high energy as highly digestible and high oil
-should be heated treated for optimal digestion in many species
-available as ground or flaked maize
-722g of starch/kg of DM
-low pre-caecal starch digestibility in horse
contains low Ca content and low lysine
Oats
-high fibre cereal
-husk weighs 25% of entire cereal
-high in oil which is unsaturated
-commonly used as straight feed for breeding horses
-cause excitable behaviour in horses
-also used as straight feed for ruminants sheep
Maize gluten feed, medium energy, cereal by-product
-mid protein feed commonly used in ruminant diets
-protein quality low in lysine
-high fibre makes it less useful for other species
-can be used in grower finisher pig diets and layer and breeder poultry diets
Pollard/wheat bran, medium energy, cereal by-product
-outer husks of wheat grains and screenings
-high fibre low digestibility feed
-contains low Ca content
-can be used to add fibre /laxative properties
-often used solely to increase pelleting quality of mix
Maize distillers grains, medium energy, cereal by-product
-relatively high energy mid protein feed
-very commonly used for ruminant diets
-limited use for other species
-high fibre level
-low in lysine
Brewers grains, medium energy, cereal by-product
-ruminant fed
-usually based on barley grains but may have other types of cereals
-high protein, high fibre, high oil
-low to medium energy
-usually fed wet/concentrate
-very palatable
Unmolassed sugar beet pulp, energy supplement, by-product of sugar industry
-high fibre by-product of sugar beet
-high energy for ruminants too much fibre poultry
-requires soaking if used straight for horses
-excellent source of slowly digestible carbohydrate for ruminants
Molassed sugar beet pulp, energy supplement, by-product of sugar industry
-ideal ruminant feed
-not as high in fibre as unmolassed beet pulp/higher energy pigs
-commonly used straight horses
-commonly used as cool feed in horses
-extensively used in pig diets except creep diets
-very palatable
-low in phosphorus
Cane molasses
-low protein, high sugar feed for all farm species
-very palatable useful shy feeders horses
-65%sugars
-aids pelleting
-useful in coarse mix prevents sorting
-high in potassium and salt and can cause scouring
Citrus pulp, energy supplement, by product of fruit processing industry
-low protein, high energy feed for ruminants
-antinutritional factor for young pigs poultry: limonin
-low energy pigs
-limited use pigs and poultry
-palatability? reportedly acquired taste ruminants
-common straight feed dairy cows
Soybean meal, protein supplement, oilseed by-product
-high energy, high protein supplement
-good source of lysine
-antinutritional factor destroyed on heating
-used extensively in diets for all species
-very useful in young monogastric diets
-very safe high quality high protein feed
Soya hulls
-used as source of digestible fibre in ruminants and pig diets
-safe feed no antinutritional factor
-low protein high fibre feed
Rapeseed meal, protein supplement, oilseed by-product
-medium energy high protein feedstuffs
-limited use in pig and poultry diets
-often used to partially replace soyabean meal
-anti-nutritional factors: glucosinolates and erucic acid look for EU00 or conala meal
Sunflower seed meal, protein supplement, oilseed by-product
-low energy high protein feed
-quality depends on protein and fibre content
-sunflower hulls high fibre
-low digestibility
-good source of methionine
expelled palm kernel meal, medium energy, oilseed by-product
-high fibre feed cheap source of energy
-used as a straight feed for ruminants in some areas
-may contain aflatoxins
-high oil content which is saturated
-shell pieces may cause lameness if fed as a straight
-low in lysine
