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[MT 6312] LAB Community in Public Health > [5] Data Presentation > Flashcards

[5] Data Presentation Flashcards

1
Q

3 Data Presentation Methods

A

a.Narrative or Textual

b. Tabular

c. Figure/ Graphical

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2
Q

Data is simply narrated, story fashion

A

a.Narrative or Textual

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3
Q

A systematic arrangement of data presented
in columns and rows for the purpose of comparison

A

Tabular

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4
Q

Pictorial representation of data

A

Figure/ Graphical

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5
Q

Data is presented in the form of a sentence/ Paragraph Most basic way of presenting data

ex. There were 62 reported cases of syphilis for the whole country in 1990. Of these cases, 4 were under 1 year of age. There were 5 cases between 1 and 5 years of age while the number of cases for the age group 10-19 was 10.

A

Textual Presentation

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6
Q

3 Characteristics of a good figure/ table

A

Simplicity

Clarity

Continuity

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7
Q

• Augment rather than duplicate the text
• Convey only essential facts
• Omit distracting detail

A

Simplicity

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8
Q

• Easy to read – its elements (type, lines, labels, symbols, etc) are large enough to be read with ease in printed form
• Easy to understand – its purpose is readily appreciate

A

Clarity

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9
Q

• Consistent with and is prepared in the same style as similar figures [and tables] in the same article; and
• Carefully planned and prepared.

A

Continuity

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10
Q

• allow the amounts of raw data to be sorted and reorganized in a neat format

A

Tabular Presentation

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11
Q

Tabular Presentation:

• results placed in an organized display of ____ and _____ that enables grouping of data by different classifications for comparison and better understanding

A

Rows and Columns

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12
Q

Tabular Presentation:

allows the inclusion of only the most _____ or relevant data

A

important

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13
Q

Tabular Presentation:

(Always/Never) put data in the table if you can describe it efficiently in one or two sentences

A

Never

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14
Q

Data in tabular form: (3) Uses

A
  1. Summarizing and presenting data
  2. Data checking and editing
  3. Basis, aid in graph or chart construction
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15
Q

Data in tabular form: (4) Strengths

A
  1. Easy to understand
  2. More compact and concise than textual form
  3. Present data in greater detail than a graph
  4. Can readily point out trends, comparisons or
    interrelations
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16
Q

Parts of a table (5)

A
  1. Table Number
  2. Table Title
  3. Spanners
  4. Decked Heads
  5. Table body
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17
Q

Which Part of a table:

  • Use arabic numerals in the order in which the tables are
    first mentioned in text
  • Do not use suffix letters
  • Partial or fractional numbering is unacceptable (i.e. no 5a
    or 5.1)
A

Table Number

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18
Q

Which Part of a table:

  • Brief but clear and explanatory
  • Titles should adequately explain the content of a table
    without referring the reader to the text - Single-spaced
A

Table Title

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19
Q

Which Part of a table:

Column spanner

A

Spanners

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20
Q

Which part of a table: Spanners
• singular
• covers several columns each with its own column head

A

Column Spanners

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21
Q

Which part of a table: Spanners

• located in the body of the table in order to divide the data in a table without
changing the columns
• covers the entire width of the body of the table
• used to combine two tables into one provided they have
similar column heads.
• may be plural

A

Table Spanners

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22
Q

Which part of a table:

  • stacked headings (column heads and spanner)
  • used to avoid repetition of words in column headings
A

Decked Heads

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23
Q

Which part of a table:

  • Cell is the intersection between a row and column - Decimal values
A

Table Body

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24
Q

Which part of a table:

• Use a zero before the decimal point
• Do not use zero if the number can not be greater than 1
• Use same unit of measurement and number of decimal places within a column

  • Do not include columns of data that can be calculated
    easily from other columns
  • Double-spaced (rows)
A

Table Body

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25
Q

Which part of a table:
General notes

A

Notes

• Qualifies, explains or provides info relating to the table as a whole and gives explanation of abbreviations, symbols as well as the source

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26
Q

Which part of a table: Notes

• Refers to a particular column or row or individual entry • indicated by superscript lowercase letters

A

Specific Note

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27
Q

Which part of a table: Notes

• indicates the results of tests of significance

A

Probability Note

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28
Q

Which part of a table: Notes

• General, specific, probability

A

Order

29
Q

3 Other considerations in table construction

A

Relation of tables and text

Relation between tables

Ruling

30
Q
  • supplements the text
  • every table should be cited/ referred to in the text
  • discuss only highlights
  • place tables close to where they are first mentioned in your text
    do not split a table across pages

a. Relation of tables and text
b. Relation between tables
c. Ruling

A

A.

31
Q
  • standardize a particular style (same format, terminology, etc.)
  • combine tables that repeat data (identical columns should not appear
    in 2 or more tables)

a. Relation of tables and text
b. Relation between tables
c. Ruling

A

B.

32
Q
  • 3 horizontal lines (APA feature)
  • no vertical lines (allowed in exceptional cases)

a. Relation of tables and text
b. Relation between tables
c. Ruling

A

C.

33
Q

2 Types of Table

A

Word/ Textual Table
Numerical Table (4)

34
Q

4 types of Numerical Table

A
  • Relative Frequency Distribution Table (3)
  • Statistical Table
  • Master Table
  • Dummy Table
35
Q

3 types of Relative Frequency Distribution Table

A

• One-way • Two –way • Multi- way

36
Q

What type of table:

• Tables that have textual data
• Serve the same purpose as any table - comparison

A

Word/ Textual Table

37
Q

What type of table:

  • a relative frequency is a ratio of the number of observations in a statistical category to the total number of observations (proportion or %)
  • a table which presents proportion data - categorical variables
A

Relative Frequency Table

38
Q

What type of Relative Frequency Table:

  • Presents data with respect categories of one variable only
A

One-way

39
Q

What type of Relative Frequency Table:

  • data with respect to cross-classification of two categorical
    variables
A

Two-way

40
Q

What type of Relative Frequency Table:

  • data with respect to more than two categorical variables
A

Multi-way

41
Q

What type of table that is:

• tables that can present data of a - descriptive statistics
- inferential statistics
eg. ANOVA Correlation
- or both

A

Statistical Tables

42
Q

Table that is:

• to facilitate tabulation in the absence of a computer
• shows the distribution of observations across several
variables of interest in a given study
• each observation is cross-classified across the variables

A

Master Table

43
Q

Table that is:

• skeleton tables
• preview of tables to be presented

A

Dummy Tables

44
Q

Table that is: (Its uses are the ff.)

  • help researcher clarify instrument
  • help protocol reviewer
  • guides data analysts/ programmers
A

Dummy Tables

45
Q

2 Usual Errors in Table Construction

A
  1. Comparison based on absolute numbers
  2. Use of wrong denominators in computing for percentages
46
Q

It is a visual representation of relationship between, but not restricted to, two variables

A

Graphical Presentation

47
Q

It is a a graph consists of two axes called the x-axis (horizontal) and y-axis (vertical) and each corresponds to one variable

A

Graphical Presentation

48
Q

Advantages of Graphical presentation

A
  • Simpler to read
  • More attractive and appealing
  • Strengthen emphasis on certain aspects of the data
  • With a wide point of view of the data
  • Effective tool in delivering a specific message Shows trends and patterns in a large data set
  • Comparison could also be made more striking
49
Q

Disadvantages of Graphical presentation

A

• cannot show as many sets of facts (detailed information) as may be shown in a table
• can only show approximate values
• require more time to construct
• may be used to misinterpret results

50
Q

(7) Pointers in Graph Construction

A
  1. Title or caption must be clear and concise.
  2. Use simple graphs (usually the most effective).
  3. Graph should be self-explanatory.
  4. Use legends appropriately.
  5. Be careful when plotting your scales to
    avoid misleading the readers and properly label them.
  6. Use a scale break to avoid placing the graph high up on the grid.
  7. Not appropriate to use graph when
    • Data are very dispersed
    • Too few data (categories)
    • Numerous data
    • Data show little or no variation
    Types of Graphs
    • Pie Graph
    • Bar Graph
    - Vertical bar graph
    - Horizontal bar graph - Component bar graph - Histogram
51
Q

Not appropriate to use graph when (4)

A

• Data are very dispersed
• Too few data (categories)
• Numerous data
• Data show little or no variation

52
Q

6 Types of Graphs

A

• Pie Graph
• Bar Graph

• Line graph
• Frequency polygon
• Scatterplot

53
Q

4 Types of Bar graph

A
  • Vertical bar graph
  • Horizontal bar graph
  • Component bar graph
  • Histogram
54
Q

What graph is this:

• Shows breakdown of a group or total where the no. of categories is not too many
• Use the % for each category, thus the total always equal to 100%
• Apply different shades to each pie slice to differentiate the different groups

A

Pie Graph

55
Q

What graph is this:

• Readily compares the percentages in each category by comparing the heights of the bars
• Use percentages or rates when the total no. of observations for the groups are not uniform
• When % are used, the sum of the heights of all bars must equal to 100%

A

Bar Graph

56
Q

What graph is this:

• For qualitative variables, categories may be arranged by - Magnitude of corresponding figures
- Natural ordering
- Example: Educational attainment, Birth order

A

Bar Graph

57
Q

What graph is this:

• A bar divided into smaller rectangles representing the parts
• Similar to a pie chart
• Area of each smaller rectangle is proportional to the relative contribution of the component to the whole

A

Component Bar graph

58
Q

What graph is this:

• Preferable over the pie chart in situations where the compositions of two or more groups are to be compared
• Different shades or colors can be applied to the components to emphasize differences between parts of the whole

A

Bar graph

59
Q

What graph is this:

• Graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a continuous variable

A

Histogram

60
Q

What graph is this:

• Important characteristic - no space between bars
• Vertical scale may show the absolute or relative frequencies

A

Histogram

61
Q

What graph is this:

• Plot of dots ( representing values of the variable) joined with lines over some period of time in sequential series

A

Line Graph

62
Q

What graph is this:

• Time series is shown along the horizontal axis while the variable values are shown along the vertical axis

A

Line Graph

63
Q

What graph is this:

• Portray trends, i.e., changes in the variable with time

A

Line Graph

64
Q

What graph is this:

• Similar to the histogram except that - Frequencies are plotted against the corresponding midpoints of the classes

A

Frequency Polygon

65
Q

What graph is this:

  • Can depict more than 1 one distribution
    • A closed figure
A

Frequency Polygon

66
Q

What graph is this:

• Show relationship between two quantitative variables
• Gives rough estimate of the degree of correlation between the variables

A

Scatterplot

67
Q

What graph is this:

• Needed data to construct
-actual values of each variables of all the subjects

A

Scatterplot

68
Q

Summary:

3 methods of Data presentation

A
  • Textual
  • Tabular
  • Graphical
69
Q

Summary

(2) Distrubution

A

Dummy
Master

[MT 6312] LAB Community in Public Health (4 decks)

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