[5] Data Presentation Flashcards
3 Data Presentation Methods
a.Narrative or Textual
b. Tabular
c. Figure/ Graphical
Data is simply narrated, story fashion
a.Narrative or Textual
A systematic arrangement of data presented
in columns and rows for the purpose of comparison
Tabular
Pictorial representation of data
Figure/ Graphical
Data is presented in the form of a sentence/ Paragraph Most basic way of presenting data
ex. There were 62 reported cases of syphilis for the whole country in 1990. Of these cases, 4 were under 1 year of age. There were 5 cases between 1 and 5 years of age while the number of cases for the age group 10-19 was 10.
Textual Presentation
3 Characteristics of a good figure/ table
Simplicity
Clarity
Continuity
• Augment rather than duplicate the text
• Convey only essential facts
• Omit distracting detail
Simplicity
• Easy to read – its elements (type, lines, labels, symbols, etc) are large enough to be read with ease in printed form
• Easy to understand – its purpose is readily appreciate
Clarity
• Consistent with and is prepared in the same style as similar figures [and tables] in the same article; and
• Carefully planned and prepared.
Continuity
• allow the amounts of raw data to be sorted and reorganized in a neat format
Tabular Presentation
Tabular Presentation:
• results placed in an organized display of ____ and _____ that enables grouping of data by different classifications for comparison and better understanding
Rows and Columns
Tabular Presentation:
allows the inclusion of only the most _____ or relevant data
important
Tabular Presentation:
(Always/Never) put data in the table if you can describe it efficiently in one or two sentences
Never
Data in tabular form: (3) Uses
- Summarizing and presenting data
- Data checking and editing
- Basis, aid in graph or chart construction
Data in tabular form: (4) Strengths
- Easy to understand
- More compact and concise than textual form
- Present data in greater detail than a graph
- Can readily point out trends, comparisons or
interrelations
Parts of a table (5)
- Table Number
- Table Title
- Spanners
- Decked Heads
- Table body
Which Part of a table:
- Use arabic numerals in the order in which the tables are
first mentioned in text - Do not use suffix letters
- Partial or fractional numbering is unacceptable (i.e. no 5a
or 5.1)
Table Number
Which Part of a table:
- Brief but clear and explanatory
- Titles should adequately explain the content of a table
without referring the reader to the text - Single-spaced
Table Title
Which Part of a table:
Column spanner
Spanners
Which part of a table: Spanners
• singular
• covers several columns each with its own column head
Column Spanners
Which part of a table: Spanners
• located in the body of the table in order to divide the data in a table without
changing the columns
• covers the entire width of the body of the table
• used to combine two tables into one provided they have
similar column heads.
• may be plural
Table Spanners
Which part of a table:
- stacked headings (column heads and spanner)
- used to avoid repetition of words in column headings
Decked Heads
Which part of a table:
- Cell is the intersection between a row and column - Decimal values
Table Body
Which part of a table:
• Use a zero before the decimal point
• Do not use zero if the number can not be greater than 1
• Use same unit of measurement and number of decimal places within a column
- Do not include columns of data that can be calculated
easily from other columns - Double-spaced (rows)
Table Body
Which part of a table:
General notes
Notes
• Qualifies, explains or provides info relating to the table as a whole and gives explanation of abbreviations, symbols as well as the source
Which part of a table: Notes
• Refers to a particular column or row or individual entry • indicated by superscript lowercase letters
Specific Note
Which part of a table: Notes
• indicates the results of tests of significance
Probability Note
Which part of a table: Notes
• General, specific, probability
Order
3 Other considerations in table construction
Relation of tables and text
Relation between tables
Ruling
- supplements the text
- every table should be cited/ referred to in the text
- discuss only highlights
- place tables close to where they are first mentioned in your text
do not split a table across pages
a. Relation of tables and text
b. Relation between tables
c. Ruling
A.
- standardize a particular style (same format, terminology, etc.)
- combine tables that repeat data (identical columns should not appear
in 2 or more tables)
a. Relation of tables and text
b. Relation between tables
c. Ruling
B.
- 3 horizontal lines (APA feature)
- no vertical lines (allowed in exceptional cases)
a. Relation of tables and text
b. Relation between tables
c. Ruling
C.
2 Types of Table
Word/ Textual Table
Numerical Table (4)
4 types of Numerical Table
- Relative Frequency Distribution Table (3)
- Statistical Table
- Master Table
- Dummy Table
3 types of Relative Frequency Distribution Table
• One-way • Two –way • Multi- way
What type of table:
• Tables that have textual data
• Serve the same purpose as any table - comparison
Word/ Textual Table
What type of table:
- a relative frequency is a ratio of the number of observations in a statistical category to the total number of observations (proportion or %)
- a table which presents proportion data - categorical variables
Relative Frequency Table
What type of Relative Frequency Table:
- Presents data with respect categories of one variable only
One-way
What type of Relative Frequency Table:
- data with respect to cross-classification of two categorical
variables
Two-way
What type of Relative Frequency Table:
- data with respect to more than two categorical variables
Multi-way
What type of table that is:
• tables that can present data of a - descriptive statistics
- inferential statistics
eg. ANOVA Correlation
- or both
Statistical Tables
Table that is:
• to facilitate tabulation in the absence of a computer
• shows the distribution of observations across several
variables of interest in a given study
• each observation is cross-classified across the variables
Master Table
Table that is:
• skeleton tables
• preview of tables to be presented
Dummy Tables
Table that is: (Its uses are the ff.)
- help researcher clarify instrument
- help protocol reviewer
- guides data analysts/ programmers
Dummy Tables
2 Usual Errors in Table Construction
- Comparison based on absolute numbers
- Use of wrong denominators in computing for percentages
It is a visual representation of relationship between, but not restricted to, two variables
Graphical Presentation
It is a a graph consists of two axes called the x-axis (horizontal) and y-axis (vertical) and each corresponds to one variable
Graphical Presentation
Advantages of Graphical presentation
- Simpler to read
- More attractive and appealing
- Strengthen emphasis on certain aspects of the data
- With a wide point of view of the data
- Effective tool in delivering a specific message Shows trends and patterns in a large data set
- Comparison could also be made more striking
Disadvantages of Graphical presentation
• cannot show as many sets of facts (detailed information) as may be shown in a table
• can only show approximate values
• require more time to construct
• may be used to misinterpret results
(7) Pointers in Graph Construction
- Title or caption must be clear and concise.
- Use simple graphs (usually the most effective).
- Graph should be self-explanatory.
- Use legends appropriately.
- Be careful when plotting your scales to
avoid misleading the readers and properly label them. - Use a scale break to avoid placing the graph high up on the grid.
- Not appropriate to use graph when
• Data are very dispersed
• Too few data (categories)
• Numerous data
• Data show little or no variation
Types of Graphs
• Pie Graph
• Bar Graph
- Vertical bar graph
- Horizontal bar graph - Component bar graph - Histogram
Not appropriate to use graph when (4)
• Data are very dispersed
• Too few data (categories)
• Numerous data
• Data show little or no variation
6 Types of Graphs
• Pie Graph
• Bar Graph
• Line graph
• Frequency polygon
• Scatterplot
4 Types of Bar graph
- Vertical bar graph
- Horizontal bar graph
- Component bar graph
- Histogram
What graph is this:
• Shows breakdown of a group or total where the no. of categories is not too many
• Use the % for each category, thus the total always equal to 100%
• Apply different shades to each pie slice to differentiate the different groups
Pie Graph
What graph is this:
• Readily compares the percentages in each category by comparing the heights of the bars
• Use percentages or rates when the total no. of observations for the groups are not uniform
• When % are used, the sum of the heights of all bars must equal to 100%
Bar Graph
What graph is this:
• For qualitative variables, categories may be arranged by - Magnitude of corresponding figures
- Natural ordering
- Example: Educational attainment, Birth order
Bar Graph
What graph is this:
• A bar divided into smaller rectangles representing the parts
• Similar to a pie chart
• Area of each smaller rectangle is proportional to the relative contribution of the component to the whole
Component Bar graph
What graph is this:
• Preferable over the pie chart in situations where the compositions of two or more groups are to be compared
• Different shades or colors can be applied to the components to emphasize differences between parts of the whole
Bar graph
What graph is this:
• Graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a continuous variable
Histogram
What graph is this:
• Important characteristic - no space between bars
• Vertical scale may show the absolute or relative frequencies
Histogram
What graph is this:
• Plot of dots ( representing values of the variable) joined with lines over some period of time in sequential series
Line Graph
What graph is this:
• Time series is shown along the horizontal axis while the variable values are shown along the vertical axis
Line Graph
What graph is this:
• Portray trends, i.e., changes in the variable with time
Line Graph
What graph is this:
• Similar to the histogram except that - Frequencies are plotted against the corresponding midpoints of the classes
Frequency Polygon
What graph is this:
- Can depict more than 1 one distribution
• A closed figure
Frequency Polygon
What graph is this:
• Show relationship between two quantitative variables
• Gives rough estimate of the degree of correlation between the variables
Scatterplot
What graph is this:
• Needed data to construct
-actual values of each variables of all the subjects
Scatterplot
Summary:
3 methods of Data presentation
- Textual
- Tabular
- Graphical
Summary
(2) Distrubution
Dummy
Master
