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KMK Ocular Disease > 5 - Conjunctiva > Flashcards

5 - Conjunctiva Flashcards

1
Q

Conj cyst

A

aka inclusion cyst aka retention cyst

Common, benign, fluid-filled (clear) sac on conj

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2
Q

Conj concretions

A

aka ocular lithiasis
= mucus + epi OR ca2+

Superficial white-yellow deposits on palpebral conj
Usually asymptomatic; mild FBS sensation

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3
Q

Conj nevus

A

Rare benign proliferation of melanoCYTES
Presents around PUBERTY - not uncommon for size/darkness to incr during this time
Unil, solitary, flat, freely mobile, occasionally non-pigmented (30%)
-usually juxtalimbal, plica, or cauncle
INCLUSION CYSTS WITHIN THE LESION ARE DIAGNOSTIC FOR A CONJUNCTIVAL NEVUS

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4
Q

Primary acquired melanosis

A

Unilateral acquired pigmentation with INDISTINCT margins
More common in elderly, white pts
Can be located anywhere on conj, usually flat
PREMALIGNANT 30% progress to MALIGNANT MELANOMA (or conj melanoma)
-esp nodular lesions with incr vascularity and/or incr growth

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5
Q

Conj melanomas

A

Secondary to uncontrolled proliferation of melanoCYTES
ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY CAUCASIANS, esp around age 50
Pigmented or non-pigemented
Most commonly arise from PAM (50-75%)
-others: pre-existing nevus (33%), de novo (rare)
Most important prognositc is THICKNESS of lesion
Most common site of metastasis is LIVER

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6
Q

Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia

  • who
  • progression
A

CIN, aka Bowen’s disease aka conjunctival squamous dysplasia
Rare - most common conj neoplasia in usa
UVB exposure, smoking, fair skin, xeroderma pigmentosa, HIV/HPV

Premalignant -> SCC

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7
Q

Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia

  • presentation
  • diagnostics
A

Elevated, gelatinous mass with neovascularization
10% exhibit leukophakia (keratinization)
95% are found at the limbus within the interpalpebral fissure
Can progress onto cornea

Toluidine blue 0.05% staining (PPV only 41%, NPV 88%)
-doesn’t distinguish b/w malignant and pre

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8
Q

Conj squamous cell carcinoma

A

Rare, slow-growing, malignant tumor
Elderly, Caucasian (90%), males (81%)
Usually derived from CIN, assoc with UV/HPV
Usually found at limbus, may involve adjacent cornea
Commonly contains feeder vessel

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9
Q

Pyogenic granuloma

A

Pedunculated, benign, red, vascular lesion of palpebral conj

From trauma, surgery, chalazion, etc

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10
Q

Conj granuloma

A

Inflamed area within conj stromal tissue
From retained FBs, surgery, trauma, infxn, systemic (sarcoid)
Asymptomatic; ocular irritation, FBS

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11
Q

Simple bacterial conjunctivitis

  • who
  • pathophys
A

Children (rare in adults)

H FLU (gram neg) in kids
S epi/aureus in adults
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12
Q

Simple bacterial conjunctivitis

-signs/symp

A

Signs: mod-severe mucopurulent discharge
-corneal signs and lymphadenopathy are rare (if present think gonococcal, EKC, adult inclusion)

Symp: acute onset (within hour) of redness, usually unil -> bilateral

  • FBS, eyelids stuck together when awakening
  • typically subside in 10-14 days, even without treatment
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13
Q

Gonococcal conjunctivitis

  • who
  • pathophys
A

Young adults with hx of multiple partners
Transmitted vaginally to infants

Sexually transmitted
N gonorrhea is most common: G(-) diplococci, Thayer-Martin/chocolate agar
All pts should also be tested for co-existing Chlamydial systemic infxn (common co-infxn)

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14
Q

Gonococcal conjunctivitis

-signs/symp

A

Signs: severe purulent discharge, chemosis + PSEUDOMEMBRANES, severe papillary rxn, PREAURICULAR LYMPHADENOPATHY, tender/swollen lids

  • CNHL: can invade intact corneal epi = peripheral ulceration
  • ONLY bacterial conj-itis with pseudomemb + preauricular (usually assoc with viral)

Symp: hyperacute (minute it began) severe purulent discharge, unil -> bilateral
-redness, FBS, eyelids stuck together upon waking
Systemic:
-men: purulent discharge, 3-5 incubation
-women: discharge less common, 50% asymptomatic

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15
Q

Adenoviral conjunctivitis

  • who
  • pathophys
  • 3 types
  • mnemonic it’s a part of
A

Adults (kids think bacterial, not viral)

Most result from UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT or nasal mucosal infxn
Transmission via direct contact
-highly contagious 12-14 days

Acute non-specific follicular
Pharyngoconjunctival fever
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

CHAT (follicles)

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16
Q

Acute non-specific follicular conjunctivitis

  • serotypes
  • presentation
A

1-11, 19
Most common

DIFFUSE red eye, conj FOLLICLES in INFERIOR FORNICES, tearing, mild discomfort
-corneal involvement is rare

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17
Q

Pharyngoconjunctival fever

  • serotypes
  • presentation
A

3-5, 7
aka “swimming pool conjunctivitis”

Usually children, highly contagious
Triad: acute FOLLICULAR conj-itis, mild low-grade fever, pharyngitis (mild sore throat) (“Fever Follicles Faryngitis”)
-corneal involvement uncommon

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18
Q

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

  • serotypes
  • presentation
A

8 (also 19, 37)

PAIN, CORNEAL INVOLVEMENT (80%)
8’s: Serotype 8, Symp in 8 days, SEI 8 days later
-SEIs indicate no longer contagious
PREAURICULAR LYMPHADENOPATHY is almost always present
May also have pseudomembranes

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19
Q

Major diff: EKC vs acute non-specific

A

EKC = preauricular lymphadenopathy

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20
Q

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

-signs/symp

A

Signs: acute follicular conj-itis (esp inf fornix), marked conj injection, PSEUDOMEMBRANE formation, PREAURICULAR LYMPHADENOPATHY, diffuse keratitis

Symp: rapid onset redness, tearing, mild discomfort, preauricular lymphadenopthy
-unil -> bilateral

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21
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

  • who
  • pathophys
A

Rare; children/YA, poor hygiene

DNA POX VIRUS spread via direct contact
-if multiple present, test for HIV

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22
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

-signs/symp

A

Dome-shaped, umbilicated, waxy nodules on lid/margin
Usually asymptomatic; mild mucus discharge
Rupture -> chronic follicular conj-itis (CHAToxic) + superficial pannus

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23
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis

  • who
  • seasonal vs perennial
  • signs/symp
A

Common, all ages

S: T1 HS rxn, triggered by airborne allergens (e.g. pollen)
P: T1 HS rxn, triggered by household allergens (e.g. dust mites, animal dander)

Conj chemosis, PAPILLAE, itching (esp medial canthus), tearing, watery discharge

24
Q

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis

-who

A

Very rare (<1% of allergic conj-itis cases)
Young males (under 10)
Hot, dry climates
Occurs for 2-10 years before resolving around puberty
Pts predisposed with atopic systemic condns (rhinitis, ASTHMA)
-eczema/asthma 40-75%
-family hx atopy 40-60%

25
Q

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis

  • pathophys
  • signs/symp
  • main concerns
A

Seasonal outbreaks during warm months, possibly year round

Signs: bilateral prominent papillae - either on limbus (TRANTAS DOTS) or SUPERIOR palpebral conj (COBBLESTONE PAPILLAE)

  • can have corneal involvement: begins with punctate epi keratitis -> coalesces into large erosions -> plaque formation -> SHIELD ULCER
  • outer eyelids relatively unaffected compared to AKC

Symp: INTENSE ITCHING, PHOTOPHOBIA, ptosis, thick mucus discharge, initial outbreak is most severe

Concerns: shield ulcer + keratoconus (eye rubbing, more so AKC)

26
Q

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis

  • who
  • pathophys
A

Rare (3% allergic conj-itis cases)
Young to mid-age (20yo)
Hx of atopic dermatitis (a type of chronic eczema, 25-42% have ocular involvement, severe leads to cataracts b/w ages 15-30)

NOT SEASONAL
T1 AND T4 HS mechanisms

27
Q

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis

-signs/symp

A

Signs: PROMINENT OUTER EYELID (scaly, thickened, swollen), periorbital involvement (DENNIE’S LINES - extra crease under lower lid due to periorbital edema), atopy “SHINERS” (bags under eyes from rubbing), INFERIOR papillae, corneal neovascularization, early ct, keratoconus (more common than VKC), SYMBLEPHARON in inferior fornices

Symp: bilateral itching, watery discharge, redness, photophobia, pain

28
Q

Premature cataracts

A 
Mr Wilson is MAD about early cts
Wilsons
Myotonic dystrophy
AKC
Diabetes
29
Q

Papillae vs follicles (super basic)

A

P: red, central vessel, very small (<1mm) to very large (GPC/VKC)

F: white-gray (immature lymphocyte), avascular, at tarsal/fornix conj

30
Q

Giant papillary conjunctivitis

-causes (6)

A

1 = SILICON HYDROGEL CLS* (95%)

-risk factors: extended wear, high water-ionic lenses, higher modulus of elasticity, poor replacement compliance
-can occur as early as 3 weeks; avg length of time before development is 8mo
Exposed SUTURES
Glaucoma filtering BLEBS
Scleral BUCKLES
Ocular prosthetics
#2 = Environmental factors (severe allergies)

*can occur with any type of contact lens, most commonly assoc with EXTENDED-WEAR SOFT CLS

31
Q

Giant papillary conjunctivitis

-pathophys

A

Non-infectious inflammatory disorder assoc with FRICTION and an IMMUNE RESPONSE to contact lens surface deposits (esp PROTEIN)

32
Q

Giant papillary conjunctivitis

-signs/symp

A

Signs: mild-severe papillae* (friction = non-specific) of UPPER tarsal conj/eyelid, ptosis, mucus

  • GPC is charac by papillae >0.3mm diameter
  • giant papillae defined as >1.0mm form when neighboring papillae break down septae + coalesce

Symp: itching, scant (early) -> ropy (late) mucus discharge, decr lens wearing time, photophobia
-often MORE SEVERE AFTER REMOVING LENSES

33
Q 
Additional CLS-related disorders
-solution hypersensitivity
—type of reaction
—solutions containing \_\_ are often most severe
—signs
A

Toxicity -> follicles (inferior due to gravity)

Chlorhexidine, thimerosal

Follicular conj-itis, DIFFUSE injection, DIFFUSE SPK (3+ corneal rxn)

34
Q

Additional CLS-related disorders
-corneal neovascularization
—results from
—amount that’s abnormal/concerning

A

Chronic hypoxia

> 1.5mm

35
Q

Additional CLS-related disorders
-corneal warpage
—type of lenses classically seen with
—signs

A

Long-term PMMA wearers, GP wearers with pooly fitting lenses

Initially: vision is clear in cls, not glasses; ghost images, diplopia
Irregular astigmatism (can mimic keratoconus)
-high riding classically causes inferior steepening over time
36
Q

Additional CLS-related disorders
-superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis
—causes (3)
—signs

A

FRICTION: contacts lenses, TED, dry eye
-cls hypersensitivity rxn (esp THIMEROSAL, poor lens fit)

SUPERIOR BULBAR/UPPER TARSAL INJECTION
-papillary rxn/corneal filaments uncommon (vs slk in ted)
Thickened, red, SUPERIOR bulbar conj + adjacent spk and FILAMENTARY KERATITIS

37
Q

Additional CLS-related disorders
-contact lens deposits
—when you see issues with
—deposits on GP vs soft

A

Only if on back surface

GP: plaques
Soft: jelly bumps

38
Q

Additional CLS-related disorders
-tight-lens syndrome
—more common with whom
—signs/symp

A

High myopes (>8)

Signs: INJECTION/INDENTATION AROUND LIMBUS, distorted keratometry mires that clear with blinking

  • severe: corneal edema/blebs, ant chamber reaction
  • may have corneal abrasion from lens removal

Symp: redness that WORSENS AFTER LENS IS REMOVED, hazy vision, halos, dryness

39
Q

Additional CLS-related disorders
-3 and 9 o’clock staining
—who/cause
—signs/symp

A

Most common complication assoc with GP lens wear
Classically due to low-riding GP that doesn’t adequately cover cornea -> poor spreading of tears

Signs: may lead to DELLEN formation, pseudopterygia, corneal vascularization

Symp: asymptomatic; horizontal redness

40
Q

Classic CLS complications

  • lenses that ride too high
  • too low
A

High = corneal warpage

Low = 3/9 o’clock staining

41
Q 
Additional CLS-related disorders
-superior epithelial arcuate lesion (SEAL)
—cause
—app
—symp
A

Tight extended-wear hydrogel lenses

Arcuate shape superior corneal staining within 1mm of limbus

30% asymptomatic
FBS, irritation, corneal SEI (40%)

42
Q

Additional CLS-related disorders
-dimple veiling
—cause
—app

A

Small gas bubbles becomming trapped under lens, esp GP

Small depression in cornea that pool fluoro

43
Q

Adult inclusion conjunctivitis

-who/cause/pathophys

A

Rare - most commonly in sexually active young adults
Chlamydia = #1 STD in the usa (and #1 cause ophth neonatorum), ask about painful urination
-54% men, 74% women will have active genital infection
Serotypes D-K (dick)
Usually spread via direct inocculation
-esp common in right eye due to right-handedness
-reported cases of contaminated pool water, shared cosmetics
-ocular manifestation begins 5-14days after innoculation

44
Q

Adult inclusion conjunctivitis

-signs/symp

A

Signs: HUGE FOLLICLES (chat) + little papillae concentrated in INFERIOR palpebral conj/fornices, PREAURICULAR LYMPHADENOPATHY, scant mucopurulent discharge
-corneal involvement 30-85%, incl punctate keratitis, superior pannus, SEIs

Symp: acute follicular + papillary conj-itis that becomes CHRONIC (3-12mo if not tx), unil -> bilateral

45
Q

Trachoma conjunctivitis

-who/cause/pathophys

A

Most prevalent: ages 1-5, 3rd-world, poor hygiene
LEADING CAUSE PREVENTABLE BLINDNESS WORLDWIDE
Spread directly: eye-eye, fomites/flies/shared cosmetics
Chlamydia serotypes A-C (“trA-Choma”)

46
Q

Trachoma conjunctivitis

-signs/symp

A

Early: FOLLICULAR conj-itis, esp SUPERIOR tarsal conj, mucopurulent discharge, lymphadenopathy, mild superior pannus

Late: ARLT’S LINES (white scarring of SUPERIOR tarsal conj), HERBERT’S PITS (depression on limbal conj AFTER follicle resolution), progressive scarring -> distortion of eyelids -> CORNEAL ULCERATION FROM TRICHIASIS -> blindness

47
Q

Condns to assoc with preauricular adenopathy (5)

A 
Chlamydia (tachoma, adult inclusion)
EKC
Gonococcal conj-itis
Parinauds oculoglandular syndrome
Phthiriasis palpebrarum
48
Q

Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis

  • who
  • pathophys
A

Teenage females, possible hx of TB (3rd world)

T4 HS rxn to STAPH (esp blepharitis), tb, acne rosacea

49
Q

Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis

-signs/symp

A

Signs:

  • conj phlyc = limbus, pink/fleshy nodules, injection
  • corneal = limbus, small, white nodule (lymphocytes), adjacent injection

Symp: tearing, fbs, itch, significant photophobia with corneal

50
Q

Ligneous conjunctivitis

-associated deficiency

A

Plasminogen

51
Q

Parinauds oculoglandular syndrome

  • who
  • pathophys
A

1 cause: CAT-SCRATCH fever (bartonella henselae) (“parinoyed about cats”)

Rare, exposure to cats, dogs, rabbits, squirrels, ticks

Tularemia (rabbits, squirrels, ticks)
Tuberculosis, syphilis

52
Q

Parinauds oculoglandular syndrome

-signs/symp

A

Signs: UNILATERAL GRANULOMATOUS (rare combo), follicular, palpebral conj-itis, PREAURICULAR LYMPHADENOPATHY, fever, rash

Symp: red eye, fbs, mucopurulent discharge

53
Q

Phthiriasis palpebarum

  • pathophys
  • signs/symp
A

aka pediculosis ciliaris
From phthirus pubis (crab louse) -> infects lashes, brows, etc.

Signs: transparent lice, white nits, blood-tinged debris, chronic follicular conj-itis, preauricular lymphadenopathy
-note: no sleeving of lash bases like demodex

Symp: ranges from mild itching to marked inflammation

54
Q

Subconj hemorrhage

  • common causes
  • tests to order for idiopathic cases
A

Valsavla, meds (aspirin, warfarin), HTN, blood clotting disorder

CBC
PT/PTT
Sickledex (sickle screening)
*these tests are esp important in African/Mediterranean pops

55
Q

Pterygium + Pingueculum

-who/pathophys

A

Assoc with environmental + UV exposure (work outdoors)
#1 cause = UV exposure
Other causes incl chronic dryness
—> lead to degeneration of collagen fibrils within conj stroma

56
Q

Pterygium + Pingueculum

-signs/symp

A

Signs: both typically at 3/9 O’CLOCK

  • pteryg: TRIANGULAR fibrovascular growth of bulbar conj, extends ONTO CORNEA, destroying BOWMAN’S -> WTR astig, STOCKER’S line (iron deposits at ant/leading edge)
  • ping: YELLOW-WHITE, typically raised, adjacent to limbus - NOT on cornea

Symp: asymptomatic; irritation, redness, decr vision (location-dependent)

KMK Ocular Disease (17 decks)

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