#5: colorectal cancer 2 Flashcards
6 risk factors of colorectal cancer
- History of colorectal polyps or cancer
- History of inflammatory bowel disease
- Family history
- race/ethnicity
- Diabetes
- Lifestyle factors (diet, inactivity, obesity, smoking, heavy alcohol use)
Pathophysiology of colorectal cancer (5)
- Cause remains unclear
- High risk factors
- Risk increases after age 50
- Most common is adenocarcinoma
- Growing tumour can cause obstruction
Incidences of colorectal cancer (2)
1) ascending colon and rectum
2) sigmoid colon
left side clinical manifestations
- rectal bleeding
- alternating constipation and diarrhea
- change in stool calibre
- sensation of incomplete evacuation
right side clinical manifestations
- usually asymptomatic
- vague abdominal pain or crampy
- colicky
Ascending colon clinical manifestions
- pain
- mass
- change in bowel habits
- anemia
transverse colon clinical manifestations
- pain
- obstruction
- change in bowel habits
- anemia
descending colon clinical manifestations
- pain
- change in bowel habits
- bright red blood in stool
- obstruction
rectum clinical manifestations
- blood in stool
- change in bowel habits
- rectal discomfort
2 recommended screening procedures
- fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
- colonoscopy if required/advised
3 descriptors of a hemi-colectomy
- diseased portion is removed
- either reconnect bowel with stitches or create a colostomy
-Concerns: sepsis (bowel content leakage), body image
4 disorders of the GI tract
- Colitis
- IBS
- GERD
- diverticulosis
4 types of colitis (inflammatory bowel disease)
-ulcerative
-Crohn’s
-ischemic
-radiation
4 signs & symptoms of colitis
- diarrhea
- rectal bleeding
- abdominal cramps
- urgency
treatments for colitis
- colonoscopy
- biopsy
- prednisone
- possible steroids
What is IBS
colon muscle contracts more readily
3 triggers of IBS
- certain foods
- medication
- stress
5 symptoms of IBS
- cramps
- gas
- bloating
- change in bowel habits
- alternating constipation/diarrhea
5 treatment methods for IBS
- avoid caffeine
- increase fibber
- monitor trigger foods
- minimize stress
-learn coping mechanisms
what is GERD
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- stomach acid flows back into esophagus
2 symptoms of GERD
- acid reflux
- heartburn
at least 2x a week
treatments for GERD
- lifestyle
- diet
medications for GERD
- proton pump inhibitors (H2 blockers)
what is diverticulosis
- small outpouchings in large intestine
- usually in sigmoid colon
- caused by too little fiber
- symptoms are rare
