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Geography- Coastal systems and landscapes > 5. Coastal Processes > Flashcards

5. Coastal Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key sub-aerial processes?

A

Runoff
Sub-aerial weathering (mechanical, biological and chemical)
Mass movement

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2
Q

What are the key coastal marine processes?

A

Marine erosion
Marine deposition
Marine transportation

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3
Q

What are the factors affecting erosion?

A 
Shape of coastline
Beach presence
Human activity 
Geology
Sea depth
Fetch
Wave characteristics
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4
Q

What are the main types of marine erosion?

A 
Hydraulic action
Wave quarrying
Abrasion (corrasion)
Attrition
Solution (corrosion)
Cavitation
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5
Q

What are the main types of marine transportation?

A 
Traction
Saltation
Suspension 
Solution
Longshaw drift
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6
Q

What are the main types of marine deposition?

A

Accumulation of sediment faster than removal
Slow waves after breaking
Powerful swash

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7
Q

What are the main types of mechanical sub-aerial weathering?

A

Freeze-thaw

Pressure release

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8
Q

What are the main types of chemical sub-aerial weathering?

A

Oxidation
Hydration
Hydrolysis
Carbonation

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9
Q

What are the main types of mass movement?

A 
Landslide
Rockfall
Mudflows
Rational slip (slumping)
Soil creep
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10
Q

What are mass movements dependant on?

A

Slope angle
Grain size
Temperature
Saturation

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11
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

The force of the water on rocks (wave pounding)

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12
Q

What is wave quarrying?

A

Breaking wave traps air in crack in a cliff surface
As the water pulls back, air is released under a pressure
This weakens the rock face over time

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13
Q

What is abrasion (corrasion)?

A

Sand, shingle and boulders picked up by the sea and hurled against a cliff

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14
Q

What is attrition?

A

The wearing down of rocks and pebbles as they rub against each other
This makes them smaller and rounder

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15
Q

What is solution (corrosion)?

A

Where fresh water mixes with salt water, acidity may increase
This breaks down carbon-based rocks

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16
Q

What is traction?

A

Large boulders roll along the seabed

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17
Q

What is saltation?

A

Small stones bounce along the seabed

18
Q

What is suspension?

A

Very small particles carried in moving water

19
Q

What is solution?

A

Dissolving material

20
Q

What is longshaw drift?

A

Waves approach the shore at an angle
Swash moves material il the beach in the same direction as the wave
Backwash moves material back down the steepest gradient, perpendicular to the shoreline
This is picked up by the next wave, carrying sediment down the coast

21
Q

Where does marine and aeolian deposition occur?

A

On low-energy coastlines
OR
Where there is an abundance of erosional material

22
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Climate related
Eg freeze-thaw weathering/ pressure release of underlying rock where overlying material is removed by erosion, weathering or mass movement

23
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Breakdown by the action of vegetation and other coastal organisms and

24
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Oxygen dissolved in water reacts with some rock minerals

25
Q

What is hydration?

A

Physical addition of water to minerals in rocks makes them more susceptible to chemical weathering

26
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Mildly acidic water reacts with minerals

27
Q

What is carbonation?

A

Carbon dioxide dissolved in rain water makers a weak carbonic acid which reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone and chalk

28
Q

What are landslides?

A

Cliffs made of softer rocks slip when lubricated by rainfall

29
Q

What are rockfalls?

A

Rocks undercut by the sea or slopes affected by mechanical weathering

30
Q

What are mud flows?

A

Heavy rain causes fine material to move downhill

31
Q

What is rational slip/slumping?

A

Where soft material overlies resistant material and excessive lubrication takes place

32
Q

What is soil creep?

A

Very slow movement of soil particles down slope

33
Q

What is run-off?

A

The movement of water across a hard surface, carrying debris

34
Q

In what situations would deposition occur?

A

When sediment accumulates faster than it is removed
As waves slow down after breaking
When water pauses at the top of swash and before backwash
When water percolates into the beach material as backwash takes in back down the beach

35
Q

Define aeolian processes.

A

The entrainment, transport and deposition of sediment by wind

36
Q

What is surface creep?

A

Where wind rolls or slices sand grains along the surface

37
Q

By which two processes is sand transported by wind?

A

Surface creep

Saltation

38
Q

What is freeze-thaw weathering?

A 
Water enters cracks in rocks
It freezes when temps are low
It expands by 10% on freezing
This exerts pressure on the surrounding rocks
This repeats
The crack widens
Rock breaks off
39
Q

What does underlying rock experience when processes remove overlying material?

A

Pressure release

40
Q

What is the effect of gases other than carbon dioxide?

A

Sulphur dioxide/ nitric oxides
Creates acid rain
Weakens/dissolved rocks

Geography- Coastal systems and landscapes (12 decks)

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