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Geography Unit 1 - Dynamic Planet > 5. Coastal Change + Conflict > Flashcards

5. Coastal Change + Conflict Flashcards

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1
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Waves pick up stones and hurl them against the cliff which wears away the rock

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2
Q

What is attrition?

A

Pebbles carried by waves become rounder and smaller as they collide with each other

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3
Q

How are caves, arches, stacks and stumps formed?

A

Cave - formed when the waves erode a weakness in the rock
Arch - formed when two caves erode back from either side of a headland and meet in the middle
Stack - formed when an arch collapses
Stump - formed when a stack is eroded by wind and water

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4
Q

How is a sand spit formed?

A

When there is a bend in the coastline, longshore drift carries the sand beyond the bend. It builds up as a sand spit.

If longshore drift continues along the spit, it may join up with the coastline on the other side to form a bar.

Behind the spit, the sheltered water becomes a salt marsh. The end of the spit is curved where it meets strong winds and waves

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5
Q

What is the difference between a concordance and discordant coast?

A

Concordant coast - The same rock type runs along the coastline. Parallel to the coastline.

Discordant coat - The rock type alternates in bands along the coastline, which produce a different set of coastal features. Perpendicular (at 90*) to the coastline.

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6
Q

What is a sub-aerial process?

A

Sub-aerial process are land based processes which alter the shape of a coastline.

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7
Q

What is rock structure and rock strata?

A

Rock structure refers to the different ways rocks are arranged. Rocks are generally found in layers called strata, meaning there may be several different rocks in on cliff. The cliff will only be as resistant as its weakest layers. Rock strata can be arranged in two ways along the coastline:
Concordant - parallel to the coastline
Discordant - perpendicular (at 90*) to the coastline

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8
Q

What are resistant rocks? Give examples

A

Hard igneous rocks

E.g granite + basalt

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9
Q

What are fairly resistant rocks?

Give examples

A

Sedimentary rocks

E.g sandstone, chalk, limestone

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10
Q

What are least resistant rocks?

Give examples

A

Weak sedimentary rocks
E.g clay + shale
These will erode fast

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11
Q

What are constructive waves?

A 
Summer constructive waves
•Strong swash
•Deposites sand
•Spilling wave
•Deposition is greater than erosion
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12
Q

What are destructive waves?

A 
Winter destructive waves
•Strong backwash
•Erodes sand
•Plunging wave
•Erosion is greater than deposition
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13
Q

What is the prevailing wind?

A

The direction the wind blows from most of the time.
In the UK, the prevailing winds come from the south west. This combines with the fetch to give big waves in places like Cornwall where surfers travel to.

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14
Q

What is the fetch?

A

The distance the wind has travelled. It is the length of water the wind blows over.

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15
Q

Why should we defend the coastline? + downsides to defending the coastline

A 
•To protect people's homes
•If eroded could destroy landmarks 
•If eroded businesses could get destroyed 
HOWEVER:
•Costs a lot of money
•Interfering with nature
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16
Q

Describe

CASE STUDY: HOLDERNESS COAST

A
  • Fastest eroding coastline in Europe
  • Groynes built at Mappleton has meant that eroding further south has increased
People effected by erosion:
•Businesses
•Gas terminal 
•Farms
•People/Residents
•Council
17
Q

What are the different choices for coastal management?

A

Hold the line - Use sea defences to stop erosion and keep the coast where it is

Advance the line - Move the coast further into the sea

Strategic realignment - Let the coast erode and move people away

Do nothing - Pretty self explanatory

18
Q

What is a sea wall?

A

HARD ENGINEERING
A concrete or rock barrier which reflects the energy of waves back to sea, reducing coastal erosion
•Very expensive, up to £6 million per km

19
Q

What is rip rap/rock armour?

A

HARD ENGINEERING
Large boulders places at the foot of cliff, forcing waves to break absorbing their energy & stopping cliff erosion
•£1-4000 per metre
•Can be obtrusive, rocks do not fit with local geology, limited lifespan, not effective in storm conditions

20
Q

What are groynes?

A

Timber or rock barriers built out to sea at right angles to the coast, traps sediment being moved by longshore drift, therefore enlarging the coast. Larger beach acts as a buffer to incoming waves, reducing wave attack at the coast.
•Cost £20,000 each at 200m intervals
•Interrupts longshore drift so can lead to increased erosion & reduced beaches elsewhere
•Lifespan of 15-20 years, often have to be replace rather than repaired

21
Q

What are revetments?

A

HARD ENGINEERING
Sloping wooden slatted barriers constructed towards the rest of beaches to protect that base of cliffs, breaks up or absorbs the energy of the waves
•Less beach material is eroded at revetments compared to a sea wall
•Short life span
•£2000 per metre

22
Q

What is hard engineering?

A

Hard engineering involves building artificial structures. It aims to control natural processes.

23
Q

What is beach replenishment?

A

SOFT ENGINEERING
Beach replenishment invoices the addition of sand or shingle to a beach to make it higher or broader.
•£3000 per metre
•Needs constant maintainance

24
Q

What is cliff regrading?

A

SOFT ENGINEERING
Reconstructing the face of a cliff to make the gradient less steep, this makes mass movement less likely.
•However, properties on the cliff may have to be demolished

25
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

SOFT ENGINEERING
Flooding low-lying coastal areas by the sea to form salt marshes. Salt marshes form effective barriers to the sea.
•Landowners have to be compensated as land is lost by flooding.

26
Q

What is soft engineering?

A

Soft engineering works with nature to limit the damage. It has no artificial structures.

27
Q

What is holistic management?

A 
Holistic management is managing the whole stretch of the coast and not just one place. The aim is to be sustainable. 
Holistic management takes into account:
•Society
•Economy 
•Environment
28
Q

What is ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management)?

A

The system of diving the UK coastline into zones that can be managed holistically.

29
Q

What are SMP (Shoreline Management Plans)?

A

Shoreline Management Plans are for long stretches of coast. This should stop one place building groynes (etc) is it will effect elsewhere down the coast.

30
Q

What are wave-cut platforms? + how are they formed

A

The erosion of cliffs can create wave-cut platforms - areas of flat rock at the base of the cliff.

31
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Waves hitting the rock forces pockets of air into cracks. Trapped air, released quickly, breaks up the rock.

Geography Unit 1 - Dynamic Planet (6 decks)

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