5: Civil Rights Flashcards
Which compromise prohibited slavery north of 36 degrees latitude and fueled a new abolition movement?
New Jersey
Connecticut
Missouri
Maine
Missouri
Which convention was held in 1848 and adopted resolutions demanding the abolition of legal, economic, and social discrimination against women?
the Niagara Movement
the Seneca Falls Convention
the World Pro-Women’s Liberation Society Annual Convention
the International Convention on Women’s Suffrage and Other Notable Rights
the Seneca Falls Convention
Which amendment outlawed slavery?
Twelfth
Fourth
Thirteenth
Fifteenth
Thirteenth
How did southern states extend the franchise to poor whites without extending it to poor blacks?
literacy tests
Jim Crow laws
poll taxes
grandfather clauses
grandfather clauses
African American rights eroded by the late 1870s because _____________.
African American rights were no longer a Congressional priority
federal troops ensured African Americans could not protest against discrimination
the Civil Rights Act of 1875 restricted voting rights for African Americans
African Americans refused to vote
African American rights were no longer a Congressional priority
The Supreme Court overturned the separate-but-equal doctrine as unconstitutional in _____.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Brown v. Board of Education
the Dred Scott decision
the Civil Rights Cases
Brown v. Board of Education
Which of the following was a target of the Progressive era reforms?
educational inequality
poverty
labor unions
prejudice against African Americans
prejudice against African Americans
Susan B. Anthony was primarily concerned with _____.
the rights of Mexican Americans
the rights of the accused
African American suffrage
women’s suffrage
women’s suffrage
During the 1930s, the NAACP’s most successful political strategy was
electing numerous candidates to elective office in the south.
massive voter registration efforts in the south.
a series of lawsuits that slowly led to public education integration.
forming their own political party.
a series of lawsuits that slowly led to public education integration.
The state of Texas tried to address Sweatt’s request for admission to law school by doing which of the following?
Sending Sweatt to an out-of-state school
Admitting Sweat to the University of Texas School of Law
Successfully defending their segregation policy in court
Creating a separate law school for African Americans
Creating a separate law school for African Americans
What sparked the Montgomery bus boycott?
the assassination of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.
the arrest of Rosa Parks
the arrest of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.
the assassination of Medgar Evers
the arrest of Rosa Parks
How did southern governments respond to Brown v. Board of Education?
They replaced de facto segregation with de jure segregation.
They eliminated all vestiges of de facto discrimination.
They desegregated immediately but begrudgingly.
They attempted to avoid and delay implementing the decision.
They attempted to avoid and delay implementing the decision.
What was the practical effect of the 1964 Civil Rights Act?
authorizing state attorneys general to sue for damages caused by segregation
ending discrimination in public accommodations
withholding government funds from discriminatory programs
eliminating African American suffrage in the South
ending discrimination in public accommodations
Which is a women’s rights group founded in the 1960s that encouraged passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution and advocated for a broader judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment to include gender equality?
NOW
ERA
NAACP
SCLC
NOW
The Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) grew out of the _____________.
Greensboro sit ins
riots following Martin Luther King’s assassination
Birmingham violence
Montgomery boycotts
Greensboro sit ins
The 1887 Dawes Act promoted American Indian ______.
voting rights
equality
assimilation
separation
assimilation
Which of these cases allowed the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II?
Korematsu v. U.S.
Yick Wo v. Hopkins
Tennessee v. Lane
Hashimoto v. California
Korematsu v. U.S.
Which of the following has been a recent aid to gays and lesbians in their efforts to achieve equal rights?
changes in public opinion
the Supreme Court’s decision to uphold the Defense of Marriage Act
the confirmation of the first openly gay Supreme Court justice
a shrinking number of openly gay and lesbian Americans
changes in public opinion
Which of the following groups was instrumental in advocating for the Americans with Disabilities Act?
Libertarians
business interests
war veterans
schoolchildren
war veterans
What did the Supreme Court rule in Hernandez v. Texas?
Texas universities must admit Hispanic students
Hispanic Americans had a right to have Hispanic Americans on their jury
All public schools must admit Hispanic students
Texas must equalize education spending
Hispanic Americans had a right to have Hispanic Americans on their jury
The Supreme Court has decided that laws that discriminate on the basis of certain ______ are entitled to strict scrutiny to determine their constitutionality.
intermediate standards
rational bases
malevolent objectives
suspect classifications
suspect classifications
Which of the following is the standard of review applied to cases of gender discrimination arising under the Constitution?
equal protection
rational basis
intermediate standard
strict scrutiny
intermediate standard
Affirmative action is designed to improve equality of _____.
skill
opportunity
achievement
result
opportunity
The strictest test the Court employs in determining constitutionality of an act is __________.
due process
rational basis
intermediate scrutiny
strict scrutiny
strict scrutiny
What type of regulation would be subject to the rational basis standard?
College admission criteria based on race
Same sex public schools
Food prices
Marriage restrictions
Food prices
Which of the following constitutional amendments contains the equal protection clause, which prohibits states from denying “any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws”?
Fifth
Fourteenth
Tenth
First
Fourteenth
What was the impetus for the 1840s women’s rights movement?
increases in the ownership of property by women
decreases in women’s literacy
the exclusion of women in some aspects of the abolition movement
growth in the number of women in the territories
the exclusion of women in some aspects of the abolition movement
Which of the following were state laws denying legal rights to freed slaves?
Civil Rights Acts
suffrage laws
Black Codes
Emancipation Proclamations
Black Codes
Which amendment extended suffrage to African American men?
Fifteenth
Thirteenth
Fifth
Third
Fifteenth
Which amendment gave women the right to vote?
Nineteenth
Fifteenth
Eighth
Twelfth
Nineteenth
The NAACP selected a(n) _____ as its first test case for desegregating public schools.
law school
business school
elementary school
college
law school
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)?
SNCC was focused on expanding civil rights for African Americans; the SCLC was focused on restricting civil rights for whites.
SNCC was more radical than the SCLC.
SNCC was more closely affiliated with church organizations than was the SCLC.
SNCC was segregated; the SCLC was integrated.
SNCC was more radical than the SCLC.
What has been the practical effect of Title IX?
expanded academic and athletic opportunities for women students
requiring equal pay for equal work
limiting the ability of women to sue for sex discrimination
adding gender to the Constitution for the first time
expanded academic and athletic opportunities for women students
What is the primary driving force behind the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)?
ensuring civil rights for Hispanics
expanding employment opportunities for immigrants
eliminating poverty and homelessness
preventing gender discrimination
ensuring civil rights for Hispanics
Which of the following best characterizes the policy of the national government toward Indian tribes during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
expansion of American Indian lands
forced assimilation of American Indians into cities and suburbs
massive repatriations paid to American Indians for improper or illegal land acquisition
confinement of American Indians to reservations
confinement of American Indians to reservations
What does the Americans with Disabilities Act mandate?
grants for Americans with disabilities to attend college or trade school
affirmative action in employment decisions on the basis of disability
government-provided health care for those with mental or physical disabilities
access to public facilities for those with mental or physical disabilities
access to public facilities for those with mental or physical disabilities
A law that creates an alternative public school that is restricted to African American students would likely be subject to which standard of review?
strict scrutiny
minimal rationality
rational basis
intermediate standard
strict scrutiny
Which of the following is an issue that would be evaluated using the strict scrutiny test?
affirmative action
vision requirements for pilots
excluding women from the draft
requiring separate drunk driving standards for women and men
affirmative action
The use of _____ was particularly important for the advancement of civil rights.
campaign contributions
riots
nonviolent protests
lobbying
nonviolent protests
Why did the civil rights movement change its focus during the latter half of the 1960s?
Blacks had lost the support of the Democratic Party.
There was greater consensus over strategy among community leaders.
Civil rights issues were a legislative priority with the Johnson administration.
There was a mass migration of blacks from the South.
Civil rights issues were a legislative priority with the Johnson administration.
The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brownv. Board of Education and a host of other key civil rights cases.
NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF)
An organization modeled on the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage.
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF)
A law enacted by Congress in 1990 designed to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad. She led more than seventy people to freedom in the North, served in the Union during the Civil War, and championed women’s suffrage.
Harriet Tubman
A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the United States.
Progressive Era (1890–1920)
Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Lucretia Mott, organized the Seneca Falls Convention. Stanton later founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) with Susan B. Anthony.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Section of the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive “equal protection of the laws.”
equal protection clause
The thirty-fourth president, a Republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded Allied Forces during World War II.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. citizens.
Fourteenth Amendment
Provision of the Education Amendments of 1972 that bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students.
Title IX
Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.
affirmative action
A heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press, as well as supsect classifications are automatically accorded this level of review.
strict scrutiny
The central tenet of the Plessy v. Ferguson decision that claimed that separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution. This doctrine was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the nineteenth century.
separate-but-equal doctrine
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States.
Thirteenth Amendment
The first major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848, which produced the historic “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for equal rights for women.
Seneca Falls Convention
Taxes levied in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot.
poll taxes
Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens whose grandfathers had voted before Reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test.
grandfather clause
Proposed amendment to the Constitution that states “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex.”
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP’ s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall was the first African American appointed to the Supreme Court and served on the Court from 1967 until 1991.
Thurgood Marshall
A standard of review in which the Court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective and are substantially related to serving that objective. Gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review.
intermediate standard of review
First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt championed human rights throughout her life and served as the U.S.’s first delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and later chaired the UN’s Commission on Human Rights.
Eleanor Roosevelt
Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized the Seneca Falls Convention.
Lucretia Mott
A standard of review in which the Court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exists. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, or mental capacity is generally given this level of review.
rational basis standard of review
Supreme Court case that challenged a Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the Court found that separate-but-equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
The leading activist group of the women’s rights movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
A leading civil rights activist of the twentieth century. Parks was most notably involved with the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Rosa Parks
President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War. It freed all slaves in states that were in active rebellion against the United States.
Emancipation Proclamation
Wide-ranging legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
An activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and promote assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin.
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals.
civil rights
A law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the U.S. from China.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Supreme Court ruling that held that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the Constitution.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
A militant suffrage organization founded in the early twentieth century. Members of the NWP were arrested, jailed, and even force-fed by authorities when they went on hunger strikes to secure voting rights for women.
National Woman’s Party (NWP)
A Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of the U.S. government to require mass internment of people of Japanese ancestry in the U.S. during World War II.
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group.
affirmative action
A supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery.
abolitionist
An important rights organization founded in 1909 to oppose segregation, racism, and voting rights violations targeted against African Americans.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Category or class, such as race or a fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the Supreme Court.
suspect classifications
A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African Americans. Dred Scottheightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run up to the Civil War.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
The thirty-fifth president, a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in U.S. politics at the height of the Cold War. He was assassinated November 22, 1963.
John F. Kennedy
Passed by Congress to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantees of equal protection to African Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.
suffrage movement
A Baptist minister, proponent of non-violence, and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Organization created by joining the National and American Woman Suffrage Associations.
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s.
Cesar Chavez
The levels of deference the Court gives governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. These standards stem from the Court’s need to ensure that laws do not undermine the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause.
standards of review
A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffragist.
Frederick Douglass
A minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people.
LGBT community
Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work.
Equal Pay Act of 1963
U.S. Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection of the law.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Labor organizer who, with Cesar Chavez, founded the United Farm Workers Union (UFW) in the 1960s.
Dolores Huerta
A Supreme Court ruling striking down the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriages.
United States v. Windsor (2013)
The thirty-third president, a Democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. Truman became president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War.
Harry S Truman
Laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations.
Jim Crow laws
Amendment to the Constitution passed in 1920 that guaranteed women the right to vote.
Nineteenth Amendment
Nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Anthony later formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which along with the National Woman’ s Party (NWP) helped to ensure ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.
Susan B. Anthony
A 2003 Supreme Court ruling that anti-sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy.
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves.
Fifteenth Amendment
