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Histopathology > 5. Cholangiohepatitis, Rubarth's disease, Liver cirrhosis, Paratuberculosis, Parvoviral enteritis, Leptomeningitis, Listeria monocytogenes, West nile virus > Flashcards

5. Cholangiohepatitis, Rubarth's disease, Liver cirrhosis, Paratuberculosis, Parvoviral enteritis, Leptomeningitis, Listeria monocytogenes, West nile virus Flashcards

1
Q

What animal and where does cholangiohepatitis affect?

A

Cat

Live liver and bile duct system

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2
Q
A

Cholangiohepatitis of a cat

No sharp edges

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3
Q

What is involved in the portal triad?

A

The hepatic artery: brings fresh blood

The portal vein: carries blood from the intestine

The bile duct: has epithelial cell lining

Around the portal triad is a limiting plate formed by liver cells

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4
Q

What cells are involved in the lining of the bile duct?

A

Epithelial cells

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5
Q
A

The pinker area is normal liver tissue

The purple area is inflammatory cell accumulation that begins at the portal triad. These are mononuclear inflammatory cells (mainly lymphocytes).

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6
Q

What are the main mononuclear inflammatory cells involved in cholangiohepatitis?

A

Lymphocytes

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7
Q

What causes Rubarth’s disease

A

Canine adenovirus 1

It is rare due to the presence of a vaccine

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8
Q
A

Rubarth’s disease

The liver is enlarged and shiny with round edges

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9
Q
A

Rubarth’s disease

Portal and sinusoidal inflammatory infiltration

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10
Q
A

Rubarth’s disease

Arrow: Cowdry-A type intranuclear inclusion body

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11
Q
A

Rubarth’s disease

Top: liver

Bottom: spleen

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12
Q
A

Rubarth’s disease

Centrolobular and midzonal necrosis, surrounded by a hyperaemic ring (white)

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13
Q
A

Rubarth’s disease

Top: normal liver tissue with inclusion bodies

Bottom: Necrotic tissue due to viral affect

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14
Q
A

Liver cirrhosis with regenerative nodules

Chronic condition where there is scar tissue formation in the parnechyma, causing nodules. Less common in animals than humans. In humans it is caused by hepatitis and alcoholism.

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15
Q
A

Liver cirrhosis with regenerative nodules

Chronic condition where there is scar tissue formation in the parnechyma, causing nodules. Less common in animals than humans. In humans it is caused by hepatitis and alcoholism.

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16
Q
A

Liver cirrhosis - pseudolobules

These are formed from normal tissue and extended proliferation of scar tissue. The proliferation splits the smaller lobules from the nodules which forms pseudolobules. We can tell the difference as pseudolobules have no central vein.

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17
Q
A

Azan staining of collagen fibres in liver cirrhosis as scar tissue is amde up of collagenous connective tissue. It stains the collagen fibres blue.

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18
Q
A

Bile duct proliferation of liver cirrhosis

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19
Q
A

Bile duct proliferation of liver cirrhosis

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20
Q
A

Bile duct proliferation of liver cirrhosis

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21
Q
A

Used to detect reticular fibres of liver cirrhosis by staining them black

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22
Q
A

Paratuberculosis of ow ileum

Mesenteric lymph node enlargement

Mucous membranes of the intetsines look like gyri in the brain

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23
Q
A

Paratuberculosis

Proliferation of tuberlotic tissue. No granuloma but proliferation fo the histocytes

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24
Q
A

Paratuberculosis

Detects bacteria inside the cell by staining it red.

Macrophages backed with red dots

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25
Q
A

Parvoviral necrotic-haemorrhagic enteritis of small intetsine of a dog

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26
Q
A

parvoviral necrotic-haemorrhagic enteritis of small instestine of a dog.

We can see the mucosa above the peyer’s patches is shrunken

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27
Q

What does the parvovirus target?

A

This virus is so small that the genome does not contain everything needed for replication so this virus targets replicating cells. It favours crypts as these contain large amounts of replicating cells e.g. Lieberkuhn crypt.

They destroy these cells which causes the collapse of the villi.

28
Q
A

Necrosis at the depths of the Lieberkuhn crypts due to parvovirus

29
Q
A

Parvoviral necrotic-haemorrhagic enteritis

This is an animal who survived, we can see proliferation in order to regain epithelial coverage on the villi that were collapsed due to the virus.

30
Q
A

Parvoviral necrotic-haemorrhagic enteritis

Centre of lymphoid particles targetted due to the presence of replicating cells

31
Q

Why is there a shrunken appearance above the peyer’s patches in the case of parvoviral necrotic-haemorrhagic enteritis?

A

The virus targets replicating cells, this may include the center of the lymphoid particles. The virus kills these cells to cause severe lymphoid depletion, especially in the enteric lymph nodes. This leads to a decrease in peyer’s pathces to give the shrunken apperance.

32
Q
A

Parvoviral necrotic-haemorrhagic enteritis

The top layers is the epithelium and the lower layer is the muscle wall.

The remnants of the villi are fused together i.e. they are rounded and shortened. They have no epithelial coverage.

33
Q
A

Parvoviral necrotic-haemorrhagic enteritis

Inflammatory cell accumulation with non-recognisable epithelial structures

34
Q

What causes acute purulent leptomeningitis?

A

It occurs in the pig and is caused by Glasseurella parasuis or Streptococcus suis

35
Q

What are the signs of acute purulent leptomeningitis?

A

The pig cannot stand and has a very stiff neck

36
Q
A

Acute purulent leptomeningitis

Severe lesions as we can see that the pia mater is extremely thickened

37
Q
A

Acute purulent leptomeningitis

Dilated blood vessels filled with blood as well as inflammtory cell accumulation in the meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)

This is caused by glasseurella parasuis

38
Q

What is the predominant cell type of acute purulent leptomeningitis?

A

Neutrophilic granulocytes

39
Q

What does listeria monocytogenes cause and in what animal?

A

Encephalitis in the goat

40
Q

How does listeria monocytogenes affect ruminants?

A

This bacteria reaches the roal mucosa via contaminated feed and reaches the medulla oblongata via perineuronal lymphatic spaces to cause lesions and encephalitis

41
Q
A

Encephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes in the goat

42
Q
A

Encephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes

43
Q
A

Encephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes

44
Q

How does encephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes differe histologically from acute purulent leptomeningitis?

A

The meninges are not affected with listeria monocytogenes

45
Q
A

Encephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes

One of two types of lesions - perivascular lesions around the blood vessel (perivascular cuffing)

Filled with mononuclear inflammatory cells

46
Q
A

Encephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes

One of two types of lesions - independent lesions where the bacteria arrived via the nerves and formed neutrophilic infiltrates known as micro abscesses

47
Q

What causes neutrophils on the brain?

A

Encephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes is the only bacteria to cause neitrophils on the brain.

48
Q
A

West nile viral encephalitis of a horse

49
Q
A

West nile viral encephalitis of a horse

50
Q

How many types of lesions are there in west nile viral encephalitis?

A

Two

Connected to blood vessels and not connected to blood vessels

51
Q
A

West nile viral encephalitis of a horse

Extreme perivascular cuffing with mononuclear cells, in multiple layers

52
Q

How does west nile virus affect the neurons?

A

They undergo degeneration and die. They are then phagocytosed by glial cells which remove and replace degenerated neurons. This is known as glial scarring.

53
Q
A

West nile viral encephalitis

54
Q
A

West nile viral encephalitis

55
Q

Where does canine parvovirus replicate?

A

In crypts e.g. Lieberkuhn crypts

56
Q

What changes can be observed in the case of acute canine parvoviral enteritis?

A

Atrophy of villi, destruction of the intetsnal glands and inclusion body formation

57
Q

What is Rubarth’s disease?

A

A serous necrotising hepatitis caused by a virus (Canine adenovirus 1)

58
Q

Liver cirrhosis is characterised by..?

A

Connective tissue proliferation

59
Q

In which type of cells can the causative agent of bovine paratuberculosis be observed?

A

In the histiocytes

60
Q

Which special stain is used for the presence of paratuberculosis?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen staining (stains the bacteria red)

61
Q
A

Intranuclear inclusion bodies of Rubarth’s disease

62
Q
A

Inflammation in the liver (cholangiohepatitis)

63
Q
A

West Nile Viral Encephalitis

Degenerated neurons removed and replaced by glial cells (glial scarring)

64
Q
A

West Nile viral encephalitis

Lesion type: severe lymphohistocytic perivascular

65
Q
A

Histopathology (2 decks)

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