5/6 Flashcards
Types of waves on the electromagnetic spectrum
- Short waves
- Microwaves
- X-rays
- Gamma rays
- UV light
- Infrared
Types of Clinical Applications
- Microwaves/Radio waves (Diathermy)
- Infrared Therapy
- UV Therapy (don’t often use)
- X-rays
Coulomb’s Law
- Charges of the SAME polarity will REPEL each other
- Charges of the OPPOSITE polarity will attract each other
- ( + and - )
Ohm’s Law
- The relationship between the current, voltage, and resistance
**If you have a lot of resistance then you have to have a greater amount of voltage or intensity to overcome it
Voltage Law
- The sum of voltage changes around any closed path must add to zero
*Basically, whatever energy is gained by the charge from the energy source is used as it completes its path around the circuit
**anything that goes in, has to come out
Current Law
- The sum of the currents into any junction must equal the sum of the currents out of that junction
- No charge can be lost or gained
Inverse Square Law
An object twice the distance from the light source will receive a quarter of the amount of a illumination / benefit
Cosine Law
- The angle of the incidence of the beam with the tissue (angle of light)
*Higher intensity, closer distance and more perpendicular = MORE
** Energy output, angle, Distance
Needs to be as 90 degrees as possible
Arndt-Schulz Law
- Applying a lazer to a person, we have to use a certain amount of affect the muscle. If we use too much, it will “zap” the muscle to put too much stress on it. Causing the lazer to not “work” and cause damage
Ex: Bones respond to mechanical stresses, but to much mechanical stress is bad
Current flow in the body (electricity)
- Chooses the path of least resistance
-Typically tissue that is highest in water content is the best conductor
*Excitable and Non-excitable tissue
** any type of internal pump, we CANNOT use e-stim.
Excitable tissue types
- Muscle
- Nerve
- Cell membrane
- What we use E-stim. on
Non-excitable tissue types
- bone
- ligament
-tendon
-adipose tissue
Conductors
- METALS ARE GOOD because of the availability of charge carriers (loosely bound electrons)
- RUBBER, CERAMICS ARE BAD CONDUCTORS because the electrons are tightly bound
Insulators
Rubber and ceramics, they keep the electrons tightly bound
Electric Current
The amount of charge per second
- used mainly for pain and muscle strength
Types of wave forms
- Direct Current (DC)
- Alternating Current (AC)
- Pulsed Current (PC)
Direct Current (DC)
- Continuous unidirectional flow of charged particles
*Commonly used for iontophoresis and stimulating contractions in denervated muscle
Alternating Current (AC)
- Continuous bidirectional flow of charged particles
*Pain control and muscle contraction
Pulsed Current (PC)
- Interrupted flow of charged particles
*pain control, tissue healing, muscle contraction (most common waveform used for electrical stimulation)
Types of nerves E-stim can stimulate
- Sensory
- Motor
- Inter neurons
