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1
Q

Define forensic anthropology.

A

The application of principles, theories, and techniques from biological (physical) anthropology to forensic death investigations in order to determine identity, cause of death, and time since deposition in cases involving badly decomposed or skeletonized remains

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2
Q

. When is forensic anthropology useful in forensic science?

A

When a body has been discovered

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3
Q

What can a forensic anthropologist determine?

A

• Determine if it is in fact a person
• Determine the sex and age of the person
• Determine a stature estimate
• Examine indicators of the person’s ancestry
• Examine particular pathologies which may aid in identification
• Find indicators as to cause of death
• Determine approximately how long the body had been exposed

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4
Q

What four (4) factors affect the shape and size of your bones?

A

– Genetics
– Nutrition
– Biomechanics
– Pathology

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5
Q

Can the skeletal remains of a child or an adult be aged more accurately?

A

Child

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6
Q

Children have ______ times the number of bones as adults.

A

4x

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7
Q

What factors are used in assessing the age of an individual based on examination of their skeletal remains?

A

– Dental eruption ~12yrs of age
– Long bone measurements ~10yrs of age
– Epiphsyeal union (long bone fusion) ~23yrs of age

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8
Q

What is dental eruption?

A

Process in tooth development in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible

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9
Q

What is epiphyseal union?

A

The process where the growth plates at the end of long bones ( called epiphyses) fuse together

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10
Q

How does the aging process affect bones after development?

A

• becomes degenerative
• leave predictable markers

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11
Q

What information does the examination of pubic symphysis provide?

A

Information about the patterns of bone growth, development, and degeneration are used to estimate skeletal age

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12
Q

What are sutures as they relate to the skull? What information does the fusion of sutures provide?

A

Sutures (the seams where the bones of the skull come together) close or fuse during particular age ranges, provides age info

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13
Q

True or False: You can determine the exact age of an individual by examining their skeletal remains.

A

False

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14
Q

What traits can be determined by examination of the skull?

A

Age, gender, ancestry

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15
Q

Which bone is the strongest indicator of sex?

A

Pelvis

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16
Q

What are the major differences between a male and female skull?

A

• Overall female skull is smaller, smoother, and more gracile
• The chin is more square in males and rounded with a point in the midline in females
-larger in males

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17
Q

What are the major differences between a male and female pelvis?

A

Female:greater than 90 degree, sacrum tilted back, ilia spread wider
Male:less than 90 degree, sacrum tilted forward , ilia closer together

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18
Q

True or False: Stature is the height of an individual

A

True

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19
Q

What measurements are used to determine stature?

A

Measurements of the long bones, metatarsals, and metacarpals

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20
Q

What is best method for determining stature?

A

Total body method is best, but not always possible

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21
Q

What is the difference between ancestry, race, and ethnicity?

A

• Ancestry refers to a populations shared genetic traits – it is different than race or ethnicity
• Race is a made up social category imposed on others, usually based on skin color
• Ethnicity is a self‐embraced shared cultural identity, which sometimes reflects geographical boundaries and shared genetics

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22
Q

What is the most difficult characteristic to determine using anthropology (also the least accurate)? Why is it so hard to determine?

A

Ancestry, due to the high mobility and interbreeding of modern populations

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23
Q

What are the best traits for predicting ancestry?

A

Traits of the dentition and skull are the most fruitful in determining ancestry

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24
Q

True or False: All fatal injuries leave markers on bones.

A

False

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25
Q

What are the causes of death that might be determined using anthropology?

A

• Strangulation
– Can be determined if a hyoid is recovered and shows signs of fracture
• Gunshots
– Can be determined if directly contact a bone at entry or
exit
• Knifewounds
– Can be determined if blade made contact with bone • Bluntforcetrauma
– Can be determined if trauma severe enough to fracture bone

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26
Q

How can a bullet entrance hole in a skull be distinguished from a bullet exit hole in skull?

A

Exit holes are bigger and irregular

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27
Q

When examining skeletal remains, what might be an indication that the cause of death is strangulation?

A

Fractures to the neck bone(hyoid)

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28
Q

What are the five key facts you should know about digital forensics?

A
  1. Many types of crime involve digital evidence
  2. Every crime scene is a digital evidence crime scene
  3. Digital evidence can be fragile
  4. Digital evidence can be easily altered
  5. Never assume digital evidence is destroyed
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29
Q

What are the three criminal uses of digital evidence?

A

Target of a Crime, Instrument of a crime, Repository of evidence that documents the crime itself

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30
Q

What are the five As of what makes computer crime attractive?

A

Affordability-computer and internet access are all that’s needed to commit cybercrime

Acceptable risk:cyber criminals have a low risk of being caught or prosecuted

Attractiveness:the opportunities for cybercrime are nearly limitless

Anonymity:the internet provides anonymity, making it difficult to cybercriminals

Availability:with the help of automation, cybercriminals can operate a 24x7 criminal enterprise

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31
Q

Define digital forensics.

A

◦The process of identifying, preserving, analyzing and presenting digital evidence in a manner that is legally acceptable in any judicial or administrative hearing.

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32
Q

What are some sources of digital forensic evidence?

A

Personal computers-desktop and notebook , portable storage

Server computers-file, internet, database, remote access, storage

Communication-mobile phones, smartphone and PDA, tablets, GPS navigation, multifunction printer, cloud computing

Multimedia-media player, digital still/video camera, digital voice recorder, digital video recorder, gaming

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33
Q

What are the principles of digital forensics?

A

◦Do not alter the evidence
◦Document procedures and results – repeatability
◦Do not work on original evidence

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34
Q

How do your preserve digital evidence? What is the difference between a file copy and a forensic image?

A

Forensic image:a bit-for-bit copy of an entire storage device, capturing all data including active files, deleted files, and unused space, ensuring the integrity of the original evidence

File copy:only copies selected files, potentially missing crucial data like deleted files, making it unsuitable for forensic investigations

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35
Q

How does the iceberg principle relate to digital forensics?

A

Iceberg principle
◦ Much of what we recover is hidden to the standard user

36
Q

What are hash values? How are they used in digital forensics?

A

Hash value represents large amounts of data as much smaller numeric values. They are used as digital signatures to uniquely identify every electronic file in an ESI collection.

37
Q

What types of data are typically found on computers?

A

Deleted files, Internet History, Registry, Artifacts, Prefetch Files ,Volatile Memory ,Email ,Chat Documents, Images ,Passwords ,Encrypted files

Time Lines of Events Reconstruct Events Decrypt Files

38
Q

What is active data? Ambient data? Archival data?

A

Active data-data that is currently being used and accessed frequently
Ambient data-passively collected data from the environment around a device
Archival data-older data that is stored for long term retention and is not actively used in day to day operations

39
Q

What is steganography?

A

Hide contents embedded file

40
Q

What types of data are typically found on smart phones?

A

◦ Email
◦ SMS
◦ Photos and Video
◦ Web History
◦ Call History
◦ Application Data
◦ eBooks
◦ Maps

41
Q

What is metadata? What are the two types of metadata?

A

Data about the data
System metadata and application metadata

42
Q

Is it possible to detect anti-forensics tools?

A

Yes

43
Q

Define bloodstain pattern analysis.

A

the study of “static” bloodstains.

44
Q

Bloodstains are typically associated with what types of crimes?

A

the aftermath of a violent event

45
Q

When analyzing bloodstains, what types of information are discernible to a trained investigator?

A

 Direction a stain was traveling
 Angle of impact
 Distance above a target surface the stain originated
 Type of force used
 Number of blows
 Position of suspect or victim during the attack

46
Q

What are the limitations of bloodstain pattern analysis?

A

 Requires training and experience
 Should not be done with limited stains
 Only provides parameters
 Few true absolutes

47
Q

Bloodstain evidence is a ____________________ phenomenon.

A

Reproducible

48
Q

What shape do blood droplets retain in flight?

A

Spherical shape

49
Q

How does the surface texture impact the ability to analyze a stain?

A

-Smoother the surface the more probable the stain will be usable
-Rougher surface will cause the stain to distort

50
Q

How do distorted stains impact bloodstain pattern analysis?

A

Distorted stains eliminate the ability to decipher anything of value

51
Q

What are the four uses of bloodstain evidence?

A

-Directionality
-Impact angle
-Type of force
-Number of blows struck

52
Q

How is directionality determined from a bloodstain?

A

-Inertia caused by the motion of the droplet forces a wave of blood to form
-The wave wells up on the opposite point from where the stain struck
-The stain will point in the direction of the force
-If the wave breaks off the parent stain a satellite stain is formed
-The satellite stain will point back towards the parent stain

53
Q

Blood does not travel in a straight line – this is known as what effect?

A

Parabola

54
Q

What is low velocity spatter? What does it look like? (Be able to recognize an image of low velocity spatter.)

A

A result of normal gravitational force or an energy of 5ft per second. The size of the spatter is relativity large

55
Q

What is medium velocity spatter? What does this look like? (Be able to recognize an image of medium velocity spatter.) What type of injury is typically associated with medium velocity spatter?

A

Stains are a result of a force or energy in excess of 5ft per second and no more than 25ft per second. The size of the spatter ranges between 1 – 4mm. Typical of a blunt force trauma

56
Q

What is high velocity spatter? What does this look like? (Be able to recognize an image of high velocity spatter.) What type of injury is typically associated with high velocity spatter?

A

Stains are a result of a force or energy in excess of 100ft per second. The stains are mist like ranging from 1mm or less in size. Usually a result of gunshot injuries

57
Q

What does velocity refer to?

A

the speed of the instrument creating the injury and not the speed of the blood in flight

58
Q

What types of stains help to determine the number of blows in blunt force trauma injuries? How are these types of stains produced? What do they look like? How are these stains used to determine number of blows?

A

, cast off stains help determine the number of blows
-They are produced from blood coming off the swinging object
-Cast off stains occur as trails
-Counting the cast off trails and grouping them into forward and backward swings the number of blows is apparent

59
Q

An additional blow is added to the number of cast off stains counted. Why?

A

Because the first blow is unlikely to have bloodied the object

60
Q

What types of stains allow you to determine the hand the assailant held the object in?

A

Cast off stains

61
Q

What is a void effect? Be able to recognize a picture of a void effect.

A

Ghosting-can show if objects are missing from the scene, where a person(s) were at the time of the incident and if a body was moved

62
Q

What is a transfer pattern? Be able to recognize a picture of a transfer pattern.

A

Results from objects coming into contact with existing bloodstains and leaving wipes

63
Q

What is skeletonization?

A

blood begins to dry in 50 seconds. A ring begins to form on the outer edge of the droplet

64
Q

What is the difference between a wipe and a swipe?

A

A wipe is created when an object moves through an existing bloodstain and a swipe is when blood is transferred from a bloodstained object to another surface

65
Q

If there are multiple shoe impressions left in blood at a crime scene, which would you choose to analyze in order to visualize the most detail?

A

2?

66
Q

Can you make an evaluation based on one bloodstain

A

No

67
Q

What three ways do you document bloodstains?

A

-Notes
-Sketches
-photographs

68
Q

What information does stringing a scene provide?

A

provides a graphic illustration of where the stains originated

69
Q

What biohazards are associated with bloodstain pattern analysis?

A

-Aids virus
-Hepatitis B

70
Q

What types of examinations are done by the questioned document unit?

A

Handwriting
Hand Printing
Obliterations
Alterations
Indented Writing
Watermarks
Torn Edge
Plastic Bags
Typewriting
Damaged Paper
Check Writers
Rubber Tire Tread
Stamps
Photocopiers
Printing
Shoe Print

71
Q

How are handwriting comparisons performed? What types of characteristics are considered in handwriting examinations

A

-the physical examination of the document
-a side-by-side handwriting comparison with known writing to establish identity or non-identity

-letter, shapes, and angles:words and their relationship to the baseline:sequence of strokes

72
Q

What is the difference between a simulation and a tracing?

A

A simulation is when an
individual attempts to imitate or
draw another’s signature.

A tracing is when an individual
actually copies another’s
writing using it as a model

73
Q

What are non-request specimens? What three things that should be considered when collecting non-request samples?

A

Non-request specimens are handwriting samples that are taken from
the subjects day-to-day activities.

Things to consider:
Contemporaneous, Comparable, How Much?

74
Q

What are request specimens? What things should be taken into consideration with request specimens?

A

•Consider – paper quality, paper size, writing instrument
•Look for disguise – compare with signature, non-uniform appearance
•General handwriting form – multiple names, numbers, words
•Verbatim specimens – repeat evidence, letter heights and baseline
habits. It is generally recommended that 15-20 verbatim request
specimens be taken.

75
Q

What are verbatim specimens? How may verbatim specimens should be taken?

A

repeat evidence, letter heights and baseline
habits. It is generally recommended that 15-20 verbatim request
specimens be taken.

76
Q

What types of things cannot be determined from handwriting? What is this called

A

Graphology
•Age
•Sex
•Race
•Education
•Physical Ability/Disability
•Character
•Intent

77
Q

Is photocopied handwriting suitable for analysis? Why or why not?

A

Is not suitable for a meaningful handwriting examination. It may not represent an accurate depiction of the original

78
Q

What is indented writing? What two methods are used for analyzing indented writing?

A

Impression created by the writing instrument that is captured on sheets of paper below the one that contains the original writing.

Electrostatic Detection Apparatus and photographically using oblique light

79
Q

What does ESDA stand for? What is this instrument used for? How does it work?

A

Electrostatic Detection Apparatus-indented writing detection
Applies an electrostatic charge to a document, then uses charge-sensitive toner to visualize indented writing

80
Q

Is it possible to determine the exact year a document was created?

A

No

81
Q

What are trash marks? How are they used in forensic investigations?

A

Unintentional marks or blemishes that appear on documents usually caused by dirt, debris, or small defects on the machines. compares the pattern of these marks across different copies made on the same machine.

82
Q

Paper edge or fracture matches are used in forensic science to make identifications. What are some examples?

A

Bank Robbery note linked back to the note pad or checkbook it was written on. Stamps from two separate envelopes linking two threat letters…Torn dollar bill linking individual to the robbery

83
Q

Can fracture matching be done with plastic bags?

A

Yes

84
Q

What does VSC stand for? What is this instrument used for?

A

VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR: alternate light source used to reveal differences in reflective properties of the paper (fibers) or the inks

85
Q

What are examples of analyses done using the VSC?

A

Fibers in paper, self adhesive stamp, obliterated writing

86
Q

To visualize obliterated writing using a VSC, the ink used to write the original message must be _________________ than the ink used to obliterate the message.

A

Different

Bio Div Exam 3 (2 decks)

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