5

Question 1

highly reactive atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons.

Answer 1

Free Radicals

Question 2

They are not all bad, free radicals actually help

Answer 2

They are not all bad, free radicals actually help
the body to fight viruses, bacteria, wastes &
toxins.

Question 3

Characteristic of the free radicals are

Answer 3

Unstable, highly reactive, shortly lived

Question 4

Type of a free radical

Answer 4

Hydroxyl radical
superoxide radical
hydrogen peroxide
Nitric oxide radical
lipid peroxyl radical
Peroxynitrite

Question 5

O2. Are formed in the?
Attack the ?

Answer 5

electron transport chain of the me to mitochondria

Attack macromolecule in the cell

Question 6

Some enzyme also liberate ROS

Answer 6

Xanthine oxidase
Tryptophan oxidase
Indole amine dioxygenase

Question 7

Free radical they attack sites of

Answer 7

Increase electron density
Such as
-Nitrogen atom present in protein and DNA

-Carbon - carbon double bond poly unsaturated fatty acid and phospholipid

Question 8

Present of free radical in low concentration is a good for

Answer 8

Immune function
Intracellular signalling
 redox state of the cell

Question 9

Excessive production of free radicals can damage

Answer 9

Lipid and protein and DNA affecting cell function cell death by necrosis and apoptosis

Induce and undesirable oxidation lead to membrane damage protein modification DNA damage cell death due to DNA fragmentation and lipid peroxidation

Question 10

§ Nitric oxide free radical (NO.) can react with superoxide radical (O2•− )

Answer 10

form highly toxic peroxy-nitrite (ONOO–).

Peroxy-nitrite reacts with human body fluids and tissues generating nitrotyrosines which were detected in human brain and may be increased in NDs.

The brain has high lipid content.

The brain has the highest level of O2 consumption.
So, it generates the highest levels of ROS.

Question 11

Exogenous antioxidant

Answer 11

Phytonutrients: Flavonoids

Vitamin C , E,

B carotene: in lipid rich tissue

Question 12

Vitamin C is considered the most important water soluble chain breaking antioxidant …………..

Vitamin E is a major lipid soluble antioxidant and is the most effective chain breaking antioxidant within the …………………

Answer 12

Vitamin C is considered the most important water soluble chain breaking antioxidant extra fluid

Vitamin E is a major lipid soluble antioxidant and is the most effective chain breaking antioxidant within the cell membrane

Question 13

Endigenous antioxidants

Answer 13

Catalase
glutathione Peroxides
Superoxide dismutase

Require cofactor as copper zinc magnesium and selenium

Question 14

mitochondrial a responsible for maintenance of

Answer 14

cellular haemostasis by generation and supplying energy through oxidative phosphorylation

Question 15

Major site of o2 production

Answer 15

Complex one and complex three of the mitochondria electron transport chain

Question 16

Causes of NDs

Answer 16

Environmental infection, hereditary oxidative damage
Secondary to toxic processes

Defect in energy metabolism

Question 17

Risk factor for NDs

Answer 17

Increase an age
Genetic

Question 18

Cellular Dysfunctions in Aging by Oxidative Stress Imbalance:

Answer 18

1) Cell metabolism generates ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS),
which in turn causes oxidative/nitrosative damage.
(2) Proteins are the most affected macromolecules by oxidative stress,
→ several modifications that avoid their being correctly degraded
and recycled by proteasome → impaired protein function.
(3) Oxidative stress also directly affects cytoskeletal proteins, causing
structural damage & signaling changes.

4-Affected

Question 19

Found that PD patient have

Answer 19

Reduce glutathione levels
And free radical damage in the form increase lipid peroxidation and oxidation of DNA

Question 20

Vulnerability of Dopaminergic Neurons to Oxidative Stress in PD

Answer 20

CNS contains a large number of mitochondria

§ High iron content in cells of CN

brain has ↑ lipid contents

Question 21

In PD there is a significant increase of

Answer 21

Cholesterol lipid hydroperoxide

Question 22

AD characterized by a loss of neurons because of:

Answer 22

characterized by a loss of neurons because of:
- accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides &

• intracellular hyper-phosphorylation of tau protein.