5 Flashcards
classical approaches
Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Humanistic perspective
Draws attention to the darker forces of the unconscious and the
influence that this has on how we feel about ourselves.
Psychoanalysis
-Focuses on the effects of reinforcement on observable behavior.
Behaviorism
-Attempts to understand the conscious mind, free will, human dignity and the capacity for self-reflection
and growth.
Humanistic perspective
Basic counseling approaches
Psychoanalytic therapy
Adlerian therapy
Existential therapy
Person-centered therapy
Gestalt therapy
Transactional therapy
Behavior therapy
Rational-emotive therapy
Developed by Sigmund Freud and based on his explanation that humans are basically determined
by psychic energy and early experiences which drive people’s behavior in the form of unconscious
motives and conflicts.
Psychoanalytic therapy
Developed by Alfred Adler who believed that the first six years of life influence an individual
and that humans are primarily motivated by social urges.
* Ensuing behavior depended on how one interprets his/her past and its continuing influence.
Adlerian therapy
Victor Frankl, Abraham Maslow and Rollo Maya s key figures
* Focuses on human capacity to define and shape his/her own life, give meaning to personal
circumstances through reflection, decision-making, and self-awareness.
* Emphasizes human freedom to define oneself, and that life is not predetermined; we have
responsibility to live and to see in life what we chose. It is only dying we cannot control.
Existential therapy
Originated by Carl Rogers which is a non-directive approach
* Empowerment and control over themselves depended on the person
- An important process in this therapy is reflecting and clarifying the verbal and non-verbal
communications through active listening, reflection of feelings, clarification and just “being there”
for the counselee.
Person-centered therapy
Developed by Frederick Perls
* An approach stressing that people must find their own way in life and accept responsibility for
maturity; develop an awareness of their unfinished business from the past and traumatic
experiences to bring about change in their lives
* Techniques such as confrontation, dialog with parties, role-playing, reliving, re-experiencing
unfinished business
* An experiential approach rather than just talking about feelings; involves recognizing and letting
go, accompanied by actions (i.e. breaking a glass, hitting an object hard)
Gestalt therapy
Developed by Eric Berne with its main emphasis on decisions and contracts that
must be made by the client. It is based on understanding if human nature, and believes that the client
has the potential for choice and so, the contract made by the client states the direction and goals of the
therapeutic process.
Transactional therapy
Associated with theorists like Arnold Lazarus, Albert Bandura, B.F. Skinner, among others.
* Uses many action-oriented methods to help people take steps to change what they are doing and
thinking.
* The counselor is active and directive, and functions as a teacher or trainer in helping clients
improve behavior.
Behavior therapy
Therapy. Founded and promoted by William Glasser, it is a short-term approach that
focuses on the present and highlights a client’s strength. It stresses how clients can learn more realistic
behavior and achieve access. It also believes that people can choose their behavior and be responsible
for what they do, think and feel. Counselors provide encouragement to assess the current style of living
then leave them to employ a process of honest self-examination, leading to an improved quality of life.
Rational-emotive therapy
Settings in counseling
Government setting
Private sector setting
Civil society setting
School setting
Community setting
Counseling services such as social welfare, correctional department, court
systems, child and women affairs services, schools, military, police, hospitals, mental and foster homes
and rehabilitation centers.
Government setting
