5

Question 1

Shared Responsibility

Answer 1

The offender does not bear total responsibility for the criminal act, and that some of the blame falls either on the victim or the social system, or both.

Question 2

Two reasons for repeat victimization

Answer 2

1. Boost explanation
2. Flag explanation

Question 3

Boost explanation

Answer 3

A theory holding that repeat victimizations occur because the offender gains important knowledge about the target during the initial crime

Question 4

Flag explanation

Answer 4

A theory proposing that repeat victimizations occur because a target has permanent characteristics that attract criminals, such as being at a vulnerable location.

Question 5

Typology

Answer 5

a classification system that aids in the understanding of what a group has in common and how it differs from others.

Question 6

Typology includes…

Answer 6

1. complete innocence
2. full responsibility

Question 7

Victim Blaming

Answer 7

An approach that holds an injured party partly responsible for what happened.

Question 8

What is the three-stage process (victim blaming)

Answer 8

1. assumes a mutual agreement (reciprocity, symbiosis
2. victimologists may unavoidably blame the victim
3. victim blaming

Question 9

Just world outlook

Answer 9

people get what they deserve before their lives end—find victim blaming a com- forting notion.

Question 10

Techniques of neutralization theory

Answer 10

A social theory, which proposes that offenders have learned certain pat answers that neutralize their guilt over harming others.

Question 11

Victim defending

Answer 11

It rejects the premise that victims are partial to blame

Question 12

offender blaming

Answer 12

removes the burden of responsibility from the backs of victims and restores it entirely onto the shoulders of lawbreakers, “where it belongs.”

Question 13

System blaming

Answer 13

The focus of attention is on the social-economic-political theories in criminology that
argue that the causes of crime are closely connected to other unresolved social problems
e.g. poverty, unemployment and failing school etc.

Question 14

Facilitation

Answer 14

Careless or thoughtless behavior that makes a criminal’s tasks easier, especially when perpetrating a theft of some kind.

• least serious charge

Question 15

Skimmers

Answer 15

Corrupt employees can use “skimmers” to scan and capture crucial information during credit card transactions at restaurants and other stores.

Question 16

Provocation

Answer 16

the most serious charge against victims. (active)

Question 17

precipitation

Answer 17

the individual who gets hurt contributed significantly to the outbreak of violence.

Question 18

subintentional death

Answer 18

Provocative behavior that can cause a victim, who harbors self-destructive impulses to get killed in a confrontation with a powerful adversary.

Question 19

justifiable homicide

Answer 19

A legal ruling that a killing does not merit punishment, usually because it was the result of an act of self-defense in a perilous kill-or-be-killed confrontation.

Question 20

selective-disinhibition perspective

Answer 20

An explanation for misbehavior due to intoxication.

Question 21

outlet attractor perspective

Answer 21

An explanation that accounts for an outbreak of crimes concentrated near certain bars and clubs, or other sources of alcoholic beverages.

Question 22

character contest

Answer 22

A situation in which a slur or insult leads to a confrontation that escalates into a fight because each party wants to save face by not backing down.

Question 23

Free will

Answer 23

A philosophical or religious concept that emphasizes the ability of individuals to make their own decisions and to choose among different courses of action.

Question 24

deterrence theory

Answer 24

A widely held belief that if individuals are punished they will learn a lesson not to behave that way again (specific deterrence); and that the suffering of punished persons will serve as a warning to others (general deterrence).

Question 25

Vulnerability

Answer 25

A prediction about the degree of susceptibility of a target to attack.

Question 26

Situational factors

Answer 26

Outside elements that can influence behavior, including encouraging or discouraging attempts to victimize others.

Question 27

social ecology of victimization

Answer 27

An attempt to identify under what circumstances, where, and when various groups face the greatest risks of suffering interpersonal violence and theft.

Question 28

deviant lifestyles

Answer 28

Routines and unconventional everyday patterns of behavior that generally elicit social disapproval, often centering on sexual activities, drug-taking, heavy drinking, and gang fighting.

Question 29

deviant place factor

Answer 29

An explanation for a geographic concentration of incidents that focuses on areas that attract criminally inclined people.

Question 30

subculture of violence theory

Answer 30

the way of life of a group that appears to condone or even approve of the use of force to settle disputes.

Question 31

risk-reduction activities

Answer 31

ways people try to diminish their odds are called

Question 32

Avoidance strategies

Answer 32

Precautions that crime-conscious individuals can follow to reduce their risks of being accosted by criminally inclined persons.

Question 33

Risk-management tactics

Answer 33

Ways to protect oneself against the dangers of being victimized while carrying out unavoidable activities.

Question 34

Situational crime prevention

Answer 34

A strategy that depends on reducing the opportunities for criminals to commit crime by making it appear less rewarding, more difficult, and riskier.

Question 35

victimization prevention

Answer 35

Specific precautions taken by particular individuals intended to increase their personal safety, in contrast to crime prevention, which is societal in scope.

Question 36

target hardening

Answer 36

A strategy that relies on making the offen- der’s tasks even more difficult and discouraging; the opposite of facilitation.

Question 37

valve theory of crime shifts

Answer 37

The belief that protecting one type of target deflects criminally inclined people toward a comparable but more vulnerable type of target.