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Ensci 251 > 5-1 Plant and Soil Nutrition > Flashcards

5-1 Plant and Soil Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

How do plants get O2?

A

through photosynthesis and get the nutrients from roots, shoots, and leaves

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2
Q

How do plants get CO2?

A

through the leaves in the stomata

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3
Q

How do plants get Minerals?

A

they come from the soil through the water in roots

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4
Q

How do plants get H2O?

A

Xylem and Phloem allow for water

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5
Q

What are organic nutrients the product of?

A

Carbon and Hydrogen

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6
Q

Elements and compounds for proper plant nutrition: Essential

A
  • 17 overall
  • three: C, H, O which makes up 96% of the plant tissues (dry mass)
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7
Q

Elements and compounds for proper plant nutrition: Mineral

A
  • 14 are from soil via root
  • found as ions in the soil
  • broken down to micro and macro nutrients
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8
Q

Elements and compounds for proper plant nutrition: micronutrients

A
  • needed for the trace amounts
  • used in enzymes cofactors, photosthetic pigments, plant hormones, and H2O balance
  • EX: Cl Fe Mn Zn Cu Ni Mo
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9
Q

Elements and compounds for proper plant nutrition: Macronutrients

A
  • Needed in trace amounts
  • N P and K are limiting nutrients and will limit the plants growth
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10
Q

Macronutrients: Nitrogen

A
  • a limiting macronutrient
  • average 1% to 5% of dry mass
  • ATP, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, hormones, coenzymes
  • acquired from soil either from NH4+ or NO3-
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11
Q

Macronutrient: Phosphorus

A
  • limiting
  • average 0.2% dry mass
  • ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipids, coenzymes
  • acquired from soil either from H2PO4- or HPO2^2-
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12
Q

Macronutrient: Potassium

A
  • limiting
  • average 1% dry mass
  • used for osmotic adjustment, organic molecule synthesis, an enzyme cofactor
  • Available to plants as K+
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13
Q

Macronutrient: Calcium

A
  • average 0.5% dry mass
  • regulatory function, cell wall & membrane structure singaling, cofactor
  • available to plants as Ca2+
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14
Q

Macronutrient: Magnesium

A
  • average 0.2% dry mass
  • important in chlorophyll
  • an activator for many enzymes
  • available to plants as Mg2+
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15
Q

Macronutrient: Sulfur

A
  • average 0.1% dry mass
  • protein construction, coenzymes, elector transport chains
  • available as SO4^2-
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16
Q

What are the NPK numbers on a fertilizer bag?

A
  • bags lists the percent by weight of nutrient
  • Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Potassium
  • EX: 10% of fertilizer is N So 100 grams of fertilizers will have 1p 0 grams of N
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17
Q

Mobile vs Immobile elements within plants

A

Mobile: older leaves show signs of deficiency (N P K Mg)
Immobile: new leaves show deficiency because nutrients are tied up in older leaves (Fe Ca)

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18
Q

What tissues do deficiencies manifest in?

A

Stunted growth, chlorosis, necrosis, wilting/off colors

19
Q

The 5 factors that influence soil formation:

A

Number of size of horizons vary over space and time
- Parent materials
- Climate
- Topography
- Biological factors
- Time

20
Q

Factors w/Soil formation: Parent materials

A
  • particle size
  • mineral composition
  • pH
21
Q

Factors w/Soil formation: Climate

A
  • Temperature: warmer speeds up decomposition
  • Precipitation: Moves materials through the soul; moist, nut not saturated materials decompose faster
  • Glaciers (in some places): pushed & ground up soil
22
Q

Factors w/Soil formation: Topography

A
  • where you are on the landscape determines the quality of the soil
  • processes = erosion and depostion
23
Q

Factors w/Soil formation: Biological factors

A
  • Crops/Annual plants = shallow routes, shallow OM later
  • Perennial grasses = deeper routes, deep OM layer
  • Forest tend to have organic matter below ground
24
Q

Elements of soil texture: Time

A
  • Materials weather
  • OM accumulates
  • Horizons develop
25
Q

How does sandy texture influence the availability of O2 and water?

A
  • low water availability = water drains through
  • high O2 availability = many spaces
26
Q

How does silty texture influence the availability of O2 and water?

A
  • Moderate water availability = water clings to clay
  • Moderate O2 availability
27
Q

How does clay texture influence the availability of O2 and water?

A
  • high water availability = water clings to clay
  • low O2 availability = few spaces
28
Q

What is organic matter?
and how does it alter soil moisture and nutrient availability?

A
  • Organic matter helps create more pores
  • 5% of soil is OM
  • results from the decomposition of living organisms
  • includes organic carbon (but also other nutrients)
  • ‘humus’
  • complex molecules that contain organic carbon + other nutrients
  • needs to be decomposed to release nutrients for use in organisms (plants need inorganic nutrients)
29
Q

How does OM alter soil moisture and nutrient availability?

A
  • water clings to OM = soil stand moist longer
  • high nutrient availability = source of nutrients, high cation exchange capacity, anions remain in solution (water does not drain)
  • OM helps create spaces = leads to higher oxygen availability
  • OM does not pack tight - allows for root penetration
30
Q

What is cation exchange?

A

when protons (H+) or other soluble cations bind to the negative charged soil particles and cause bound cations to be released

31
Q

How does cation exchange relate to soil texture and pH?

A
  • released cation are available for uptake by roots
  • released cations are vulnerable to leaching
32
Q

How do cations and anions behavior change in soils with different cation exchange capacity?

A

Cations (+) =
- dissolve in water
- not as available to plants
- attracted to the a negative charge of OM and clay particles
Anions (-) =
- in soil solution (interact w/H-bonds)
- readily available for plant absorption
- easily leached from soil

33
Q

Compare and contrast the three ways nutrients move toward roots (diffusion, mass flow, and root interception)

A

Diffusion: most important process moving nutrients to roots, movement from area of high concentration to low, roots depletede areas of nutrients (diffusion shell), more nutrients diffuse in

Mass Flow: movement by soil flowing water, water will move through soil driven by plant uptake & nutrients along, saturated flow (movement of water by gravity)

Root interception: minor mode of plant nutrition, plant roots will intercept nutrients as the root grows through soil

34
Q

What is the process of nutrient uptake?

A
  • nutrient uptake moves with passive transport
  • more inside than outside = STRONG concentration gradient
  • nutrients must move AGAINST concentration gradient to get in the cell
  • Proton pump (cations) = root cells establish a concentration gradient of protons, pump H+ out of cell (use ATP), increase the membrane potential, cells get negative charge and cations passively enter through channel proteins
  • Contransporter (anions) = move against concentration gradient, two ions at once (H+ plus anion), NO3- and H+
35
Q

How do root hairs increase the surface area for absorption?

A

root hair have high surface area and max absorption from the soil

36
Q

What are the different routes to the xylem?

A
  • Simplistic (via plasmodesmata)
  • Transmembrane (via Aquaporin protiens)
  • Apoplastic (between cells)
37
Q

What are the mechanisms used in plants to avoid uptake?

A
  • Passive exclusion = molecules cannot pass through Casparian strip
  • active methods
    (metallothioneins, phyochelatins and antiporters) = binds to metals and prevent them from acting like a Posion
38
Q

What are mycorrhized fungi?

A

They are plant symbionts because:
- they increase surface area for nutrient absorption
- use exoenzymes to access nutrients
- exchange these for carbon fixed in photosynthesis

39
Q

What structures and processes are associated with rhizobia infection and nodule development?

A

(nod factors, molybdenum, nitrogenase, leghemoglobin)

40
Q

Compare and contrast plants with high and low nutrient use efficiencies.

A

High: tend to be late successional; nutrient environments dominated by species that are wasteful w/nutrients

Low: tend to be weedy and early succession, Low nutrient environments dominated by species that conserve nutrients

41
Q

Alternate nutrient strategies of plants parasitic?

A
  • getting carbon and nutrients from host
  • not green = not photosynthesizing
    -stealing sugar and nutrients
42
Q

Alternate nutrient strategies of plants epiphytic?

A
  • not parasitic
  • just growing on the other plant (not in soil)
  • absorb water and nutrients from rainwater, dust, etc.
43
Q

Alternate nutrient strategies of plant carnivorous?

A
  • photosynthesize (carbon from air, energy from sun)
  • trap insects for NUTRIENTS
  • costly
  • live in soils that are poor in nutrients
  • other plants cannot live there so they can compete, could not compete in other soils

Ensci 251 (4 decks)

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