4th quarterly exam Flashcards
The amount of alcohol drinking considered to be considered an alcoholic is:
More than 60 g/day for 3 years or more
More than 100 g/day for 6 years or more
More than 120 g/day for 8 years or more
More than 90 g/day for 5 years or more
More than 90 g/day for 5 years or more
The most common cardiac arrhythmia associated with alcohol is:
Ventricular tachycardia
Atrial fibrillation
First degree AV block
Third degree AV block
AF
Alcohol drinking and the presence of _________ and decreased ventricular function are determinants of malignant ventricular arrhythmias.
Premature atrial depolarizations Complete left bundle branch block Atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation Complete right bundle branch block
CLBBB
The AHA does not recommend that people start drinking to lower their CV risk. However, if a person already drinks, it should be limited daily to only:
One drink for men, and none for women
Two or three drinks for men, and two drinks for women
One or two drinks for men, and one drink for women
Three or four drinks for men, and two drinks for women
1-2 men, 1 women
What is considered a standard “drink”?
a. 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, mixed drink with 1.5 ounces of liquor
b. 18 ounces of beer, 10 ounces of wine, mixed drink with 2.5 ounces of liquor
c. 15 ounces of beer, 8 ounces of wine, mixed drink with 2.0 ounces of liquor
b. 20 ounces of beer, 15 ounces of wine, mixed drink with 3.0 ounces of liquor
The American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that if a person already drinks, their intake be limited, with one or two drinks per day for men and only one drink for women. A “drink” is considered to be 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or a mixed drink containing 1.5 ounces of hard liquor. However, the AHA does not recommend that people start drinking to lower their cardiovascular risk.
Which of the following are e”ects of beverage drinking?
a. The effects are still unknown
b. Decreased platelet aggregation
c. Increased C-reactive protein d. Increased Interleukin-6
Alcohol has antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects.
It is associated with a decrease in C-reactive protein as well as interleukin-6. 21
The beneficial effect is limited to low to moderate drinking, 22 and it appears to be more pronounced in men compared with women. In heavy drinkers, the opposite occurs. Heavy drinking and binge drinking are associated with an increase in inflammatory markers. After mild to moderate alcohol drinking, there is a decrease in platelet aggregation. However, binge drinking may have the opposite effect,
__________ is the earliest echocardiographic abnormality in heavy alcoholic beverage drinkers, and is observed in up to onethird of asymptomatic patients?
a. Mitral regurgitation
b. Left ventricular dilatation
c. eccentric hypertrophy
d. Diastolic dysfunction
e. Reduced systolic function
diastolic dysfunction
Poor prognostic indicators for alcoholic cardiomyopathy includes ________:
QRS duration of 90 milliseconds or less
Sinus bradycardia
Atrial fibrillation
Presence of beta blocker therapy
Factors that were associated with the best recovery of ejection fraction included narrow QRS, beta blocker therapy, and lack of use or need for diuretic therapy.
Patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy who completely stop drinking alcohol may normalize their ejection within __________.
Four years
One year
Three years
Two years
1 year
The expected e”ect of heavy alcohol intake on lipids includes __________.
Decreased LDL
Increased HDL
Decreased total cholesterol
Increased triglycerides
Alcohol increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and may reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL). It may even have some favorable effect on lipoprotein(a) (Fig. 84.2). 17 In addition, moderate intake of beer enhances the antioxidative properties of HDL; thus it prevents lipid deposition in blood vessel walls. Severe alcohol consumption may increase triglyceride levels, blunting the beneficial effect of moderate alcohol drinking.
Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding Ecigarettes?
Smoking with E-cigarettes does not result in an increase in blood pressure.
The use of E-cigarettes with nicotine promotes parasympathetic predominance.
Flavoring like cinnamon flavor is generally safe with no e!ects on endothelial cell viability.
BP elevation is longer after an E-cigarette with nicotine than with a standard cigarette.
Blood pressure was elevated for a longer time (45 minutes) after using an e-cigarette with nicotine than with a standard cigarette (15 minutes).
Those who smoked e-cigarettes without nicotine did not have an increase in blood pressure. Studies of heart rate variability have shown the use of e-cigarettes with nicotine was associated with a marked shift in cardiac sympathovagal balance towards sympathetic predominance, whereas this shift did not occur with e‐cigarettes without nicotine.
Typical chest X-ray finding associated with E-cigarette lung injury is ___________.
Patchy consolidations with a cavitary lesion
Coarse reticulonodular densities in the posterior segments of the upper lobes
Tree-in-bud appearance of the bronchi
Ground-glass appearing bilateral infiltrates
GGO (EVALI)
Specific treatment for E-cigarette lung injury includes: *
Switching to standard cigarettes Anti-histamines and leukotriene receptor antagonists Daily use of long acting beta antagonists Cessation of E-cigarette use
stop vape
pathophysio: over 80% of cases included use of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). One leading theory suggested by the CDC is that contaminants such as vitamin E acetate oil, which is often used to dilute THC, may be responsible for EVALI.
The risk of MI after cocaine abuse increases up to 24-fold within __________.
12 hours
6 hours
24 hours
1 hour
1 hour; dissection 12 hours
Which of the following is NOT a recommended medication to reverse cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction?
Nitrates
Verapamil
Phentolamine
Beta-blockers
Nitrates, phentolamine (an alpha-receptor blocker), and verapamil (a calcium channel blocker) have been shown to reverse cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction
Although beta blockers represent an essential therapy in the mitigation of hyperadrenergic states and are known to reduce myocardial oxygen demand, the use of beta blockers in the setting of cocaine-induced vasoconstriction is still debated because of the concern that β1 /β2 -blockade might lead to unopposed alpha-stimulation, resulting in coronary artery vasoconstriction.
