4th Quarter Semi-finals Reviewer Flashcards
Lesson 1: The Moral Sense in Us
it is “native in all persons regardless of race, religion”, culture, education and creed.
Moral sense
• Thomas Aquinas (1225-
1274).
• He wrote 25 books
including Summa
Theologica and Summa
Contra Gentiles
The Synderesis of Man According to St. Thomas Aquinas
He wrote 25 books
including Summa
Theologica and Summa
Contra Gentiles
• Thomas Aquinas (1225-
1274).
The 3 Synderesis of Man According to St. Thomas Aquinas
1) Man is able to distinguish or to “know
what is good and what is bad.”
2) Man is always “obligated to do good and
avoid evil.”
3) Man knows that he is “accountable for
his actions good or bad.”
He is the “founding father
of Psychoanalysis”, which is
a major school of
Psychology.
Sigismund Schlomo Freud (1856-1938).
Freud’s Theory of the Id, Ego, and the Superego.
Freud’s Iceberg Model
Unconscious and Conscious
Conscious Mind - Ego
Unconscious Mind - Id
Conscious/ Unconscious Mind - Superego
He was born in Bronxville, New
York on October 25, 1927.
Lawrence Kohlberg
He is well known for his Theory of Moral Development.
Lawrence Kohlberg
6 Stages of Moral Development
- Avoid Punishment
- Self-interest
- Good Boy Attitude
- Law and Order Morality
- Social Contract
- Principle
2 Ethical Systems
- Atheistic Ethics
- Theistic Ethics
It assumes that only matter exists and man is responsible only to himself since there is no God who creates and rules the universe.
Atheistic Ethics
It assumes that God is the
Supreme Lawgiver. Everything
must conform to God’s eternal
plan of creation.
Theistic Ethics
Lesson 2: RELATIONSHIP OF ETHICS WITH OTHER SCIENCES
4 RELATIONSHIP OF ETHICS WITH OTHER SCIENCES
- Ethics and Logic
- Ethics and Psychology
- Ethics and Sociology
- Ethics and Economics
_________ is the study of correct
action or doing, while _______
studies the process of correct and
organized thinking.
ETHICS AND LOGIC
____________ studies how man
behaves, while _________ studies how man ought to behave.
Ethics and Psychology
__________ deals with the study of
the social order while _______ deals
with the study of moral order in
the society. There is no social
order if there is no moral order.
Ethics and Sociology
____________, as a science, deals
with the study of wages, labor,
production and distribution of
wealth. At the heart of these
relationships are moral norms
and moral rules.
Ethics and Economics
6 Relationship of ethics with
other phases of human life
- Ethics and Law
- Ethics and Religion
- Ethics and Professional Codes of Conduct
- Ethics and Etiquette
- Ethics and Education
- Ethics and Art
_______ are intended to regulate the external actions of man while
_________ investigates and probes
the internal disposition of man,
such as his motivations and
thoughts.
Ethics and Law
_______ generally refers to the
service and worship of God and is
typically expressed as a personal
or institutional set of beliefs,
attitudes, and practices.
Ethics and Religion
A ________ is a
set of behavioral guidelines that
members of a profession are
required by their association to
observe in the course of their
professional practice.
Ethics and Professional Codes of Conduct
The word ________ means rules
and conduct of behavior that are
supposed to be followed in
special situations and circumstances.
Ethics and Etiquette
__________ is defined as an
instruction or training by which
people learn to develop and use
their mental, moral and physical
powers and abilities.
Ethics and Education
______ is concerned with the use of
imagination to make things of
aesthetic significance. ______ is
aimed at conforming to an
accepted standard of good
behavior.
Ethics and Art
LESSON 3: NATURE OF HUMAN ACTS
are actions that proceed from the deliberate free will of man.
Human acts
refer to certain types of actions that are naturally exhibited by man and as such they are morally indifferent (or neutral) because we cannot judge them to be either ethical or unethical.
Acts of man
3 Categories of Acts of Man
- Good Acts
- Evil Acts
- Indifferent Acts
The concept of “voluntariness” is important in ethics because only voluntary acts have moral bearing.
The Voluntariness of the Human Acts
4 Categories of Voluntary Actions
- Perfect Voluntariness
- Imperfect Voluntariness
- Direct Voluntary
- Indirect Voluntary
actions performed with full knowledge and with full consent.
a) Perfect voluntariness-
actions that occur when there is no perfect knowledge or consent, or when either or both of the knowledge or consent is partial.
b) Imperfect voluntariness-
actions that are intended for its own sake, either as a means or as an end
c) Direct voluntary-
actions that are not intended for its own sake but which merely follows as a regrettable consequence of an action
d) Indirect voluntary -
The Moral Principle Involved in Actions Having Two Effects
- The action must be morally good in itself, or at least morally indifferent.
- The good effect of the act must precede the evil effect. The evil effect is morally allowed to happen as consequence. a regrettable
- There must be a grave or sufficient reason in doing the act.
- The evil effect should not outweigh the good effect or, at least, the good effect should be equivalent in importance to the evil effect.
LESSON 4: DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY
The factors that link human
acts with their norms are
called the ______________
determinants of morality
3 Determinants of Morality
- The End of the Action
- The End of the Actor
- Circumstances of the Act
This refers to the natural purpose of the act or that in which the act in its very nature terminates or results.
- The End of the Action
This refers to the intention or the motive of the doer of the act.
- The End of the Actor
This refers to the conditions that affect the human act by increasing or decreasing the responsibility of the actor.
- Circumstances of the Act
The 5 Principles involved in the Circumstances of the Action
1.) An indifferent act can become good or evil through circumstances.
2) A good act can become evil through circumstances.
3) An intrinsically good act can become better or an intrinsically evil act can become worse through circumstances.
4) An evil act can never become good through circumstance.
5) A good act done with evil means destroys the entire objective goodness of the act.
LESSON 5: THE NORMS OF MORALITY
It consists of the conformity or non-conformity of the human conduct with norms.
Morality
Traditional ethics considers _______ as the proximate norm of morality.
CONSCIENCE
8 Types of Conscience
- Antecedent Conscience
- Consequent Conscience
- True Conscience
- Erroneous Conscience
- Certain Conscience
- Doubtful Conscience
- Scrupulous Conscience
- Lax Conscience
Judgment before an action is done.
Antecedent Conscience
Judgment after an act is done.
Consequent Conscience
Judges things truly as they are.
True Conscience
Judges things in a distorted manner. It is also called false conscience.
Erroneous Conscience
A subjective certainty of the legality of particular actions to be done or to be omitted.
Certain Conscience
Happens when a person is not certain about a moral judgment.
Doubtful Conscience
One which sees wrong when there is none.
Scrupulous Conscience
Opposite of scrupulous conscience. (We always see it right)
Lax Conscience
Reflects what the thing is in accordance with nature.
1 Natural Law
Considered as the divine law as the ultimate norm of morality.
2 Eternal Law
LESSON 6: KANTIAN ETHICS
• Born in Königsberg, Germany on April 22, 1724
IMMANUEL KANT
He studied Physics and Mathematics
His field of concentration covered almost all branches of Philosophy
IMMANUEL KANT
Kant believed that reason is autonomous. According to Kant, reason commands and we must obey it without questioning.
KANT’S MORAL RATIONALISM
FOR KANT, MORALITY IS:
- A priori.
2.It is universal.
3.It is absolute.
- Moral rules are immutable
A __________ is an unconditional obligation, or an obligation that we have regardless of our will or desires.
KANT’S CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
MORAL DUTIES CAN BE DERIVED FROM THE CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE WHICH CAN BE FORMULATED IN THREE WAYS:
- The Formula of Universal Law or the Principle of Universalizability
- The Formula of Humanity or the Principle of Humanity
- The Formula of Autonomy
ENUMERATION (20 or 25 Items)
8 Types of Conscience
4 Categories of Voluntary Actions
3 Determinants of Morality
3 Formulation of Kant Humanity
3 Categories of Acts of Man
8 Type of conscience
- Antecedent Conscience
- Consequent Conscience
- True Conscience
- Erroneous Conscience
- Certain Conscience
- Doubtful Conscience
- Scrupulous Conscience
- Lax Conscience
4 Categories of Voluntary Action
- Perfect Voluntariness
- Imperfect Voluntariness
- Direct Voluntary
- Indirect Voluntary
3 Determinants of morality
- The End of the Action
- The End of the Actor
- Circumstances of the Act
3 Formulation of kant Humanity
- The Formula of Universal Law or the Principle of Universalizability
- The Formula of Humanity or the Principle of Humanity
- The Formula of Autonomy
3 Categories of acts of man
- Good Acts
- Evil Acts
- Indifferent Acts
IDENTIFICATION (15 items = 30 points)
-Type of conscience
-Nature of human acts
-Determinants of morality
-Moral sense
-Kantian Ethics
-Theistic and Atheistic
10 items identify the example of natural Involuntary and natural voluntary
“Reflex action or reflex is an involuntary action in response to a stimulus”. This is a spontaneous action without thinking. For example, we adjust our eyes when exposed to bright light.
we adjust our eyes when exposed to bright light.
Natural Involuntary
When an action is produced with the involvement of thoughts, they are called voluntary action. It involves actions like walking, eating, jumping and running. These actions are produced consciously.
Actions which take place without consciousness or willingness of an individual are called the involuntary action. Digestion, heart beating, sneezing, etc are few examples of involuntary actions.
NATURAL INVOLUNTARY - native na sa atin, common na ginagawa without thinking
NATURAL VOLUNTARY - choice natin na gawin, with our knowledge and complete thoughts
