4p27 Flashcards
midterm
Multifinality
- Various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings
- 1 experience, multiple disorders
Attachment Theory
- Process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with caregiver/sig.inds.
- P1: seeks soothing when alarm activates
- P2: no soothing = angry
- P3: no soothing = alarm suppressed
Secure Base (in SS)
- Responsive caregiver from which child can explore their environment
- Less likely to use secure base if Insecure Attachment
Conduct Disorder
Etiology
BIO: genetic/prenatal/birth, lead
PSYC: low arousal, impulsivity, poor decisions
SOC: deviant peers, neglect/abuse, parents, low SES, avoidance
Conduct Disorder
Treatment
- Narrative therapy (change ur story)
- Ind. & Fam. therapy
- Parental Management Training
- Problem Solving Skills Training
- Group Therapy NOT EFFECTIVE
Clinical Assessment
- ABC’s
- Observational
- Behavioural
- Psychological
- Academic
- FSIQ
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Diagnosis
Deficits in
- Social Interactions: low peer interaction, no soc/emo reciprocity
- Communciation: Delayed/Impaired language & communication
- R/R/F Behaviours: hyperfixation, routines, tics/fidgeting
Autism Sprectrum Disorder
Treatment
- Social and behavioural management techs.
- Medication (SSRI/AntiPsychs)
- Psychoeducation
- EAs/IEPs
- Respite/PSW
ADHD
Etiology
BIO: low birth weight, fetal alcohol/drugs, lead
PSYC: EmoDysreg, deficits in inhibitory control/reward pathways
SOC: attachement, impacted peer realationships
Specific Learning Disorder
Etiology
BIO: 60% heritability, LH (read+write), RH (math), info-processing deficites
PSYC: processing and integration of various forms of info.
SOC: socially isolated, emodysreg, poor adaptive ability
Specific Learning Disorder
Diagnosis
- Defecits in reading/writing/math (-2 SDs)
- Pres. of one may predict another (written rare alone, 10% overlap reading/math)
- Defecits in social functioning/difficulty with relationships
Intellectual Disability
Etiology
BIOLOGICAL
- Pre,Peri,Post
- Chromosome/Gene disorders, geriatric pregnancy, alcohol/drug, birth complications, maltreatment, social isolation, poverty
Intellectual Disability
Diagnosis
- Spectrum
- Sig. impairments in cognitive functioning
- Deficits in adaptive functioning (personal independence + responsibiltiy)
History
- Pre 1980’s children = Cages, “morally insane”
- John Locke = children raised with thought and care
- Itard = humane treatment in asylums
- Hollingsworth = result of emo/behave problems
- Mental Hygiene movement (DD) in 1918 (improve standard of care)
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Freud first to emph. early experiences
- Conflict = fixation/impaired development
Humanistic Theory
- Mazlows Hierarchy
- Humans are intrinsically good, desire personal growth and self-actualization
- PCT, Uncond. Positive Regard
Learning Theories
- Little Albert: conditioning fear
- Bobo Doll: learned aggression
Cognitive-Developmental Models
- Processes of the mind
- ToM, Schemas
Piaget
4 Stages
Motor + 3 Ops
Sensorimotor, pre, concrete, formal
Psychosocial Theories
- Erikson’s
- Lifestage model
- Emph. on social and cultural influences on dev.
Transdiagnostic Approach
- Shift from differences between disorders to commonalities/shared processes (dimensional + comorbidity)
- Emph. on BPS/etiology
Etiology
Generally
- BPS causes of symtoms
- Multiple interactive causes (transdiagnositc approach)
- Multiply determined + reciprocal
Equifinality
- Similar outcome stem from different early experiences
- Multiple experiences = 1 disorder
Protective Factor
- Personal or situational variables that mitigate a child developing a disorder
- E.g. Secure attachment, good peers, social outlets/sports
Risk Factors
- Personal or situational variable that increase likelihood a child may develop a disroder
- E.g. ACEs, Poverty, MH
Neuroplasticity
- Ability for the brain to adapt and restructure in response to new experiences and trauma
- Expereince plays a critical role in brain development
- E.g. Prenatal environment, ACEs
Parts of the Brain
- Frontal Lobe (Executive Functioning)
- Amygala (Fear)
- Temporal Lobe
ACEs + Development
- ACEs Study (1998)
- # gamechanger
- imapct of trauma on physical and mental health outcomes
Attachment Styles
4
- Secure: Distressed > Delighted
- Insecure-Avoidant (Dismissing): Dont care > ignores
- Insecure-Resistant (Anxious/Preoccupied): Clings/Cries > Angry
- Disorganized (Fearful): Inconsistent
Attachment Predicts…
- Effective social functioning (child/adol)
- Self-esteem/Identity
- Academic Acheivement
Conduct Disorder
Diagnosis
- Repetative, persistant pattern of severe agressive and antisocial behaviours
- Physically cruel to animals (differentiates ODD)
- Age inapropriate/not normative
- Callous/Unemotional, shallow affect
Conduct Disorder
AL vs. LCP
AL: Just a phase, typically result of deviant peers
LCP: childhood onset, leads to ASPD
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Etiology
- Largely biologically (polygenetic) based with environmental influences
- Neural hyper-connectivity, no synaptic pruning
ADHD
Diagnosis
- Persistan, age-innapropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that cause sig. impariment in severl like areas
- Often present with anxious/depressive symptoms (also SLD, Tics, ODD, CD)
- INATT: difficulty starting/maintaining tasks
- HYP: Cant sit still, yapping
- COMBO: Attention issues + Hyperactivity
ADHD
Treatment
- Stimulant meds (Ritalin, Addy)
- CBT/Ind. therapy (in + to meds)
- Parental Management Training
- Social and behavioural educational interventions
Specific Learning Disorder
Treatment
NO BIO TREATMENTS
- Phonological awareness training
- Inclusion Models/Direct Instruction Models
- Technology assisted learning
- CBT (strengths-focused)
Intellectual Disability
Treatment
- Strengths-based supports
- Teaching/education activities
- Community-based supports
- MH Supports/Integrative approach
Behaviourist Theories
- Classical Conditioning (Pavlovs dog)
- Operant Conditioning (Skinners punishment/reinforcement)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- Recurrent, age-inappropriate pattern of stubborn, hostile, disobediant/defiant behaviours that cause impairments in daily funtioning and relationships
- Appears by age 8
- Negative impacts on parent-child interactions (subseq. attachment
- Vindictiveness
- 5yrs+
