4.b) Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint in the sacroiliac joint?

A

Synovial joint

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2
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joint

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3
Q

What is the name of the surface that articulates with the head of the femur?

A

Acetabular fossa

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4
Q

What is considered the ‘true pelvis’?

A

Within the pelvic inlet.

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5
Q

What constitutes the pelvic wall?

A

Sacrum
Coccyx
Pelvic bones

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6
Q

What are the 2 main ligaments in the true pelvis?

A

Sacrospinous (sacrum to the ischial spine)

Sacrotuberous (sacrum to the ischial tuberosity)

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7
Q

Describe the orientation of the pelvic cavity.

A

Axis of the pelvic cavity is at a 45 degree angle to the axis of the abdominal cavity
Antero-inferiorly inclined

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8
Q

Shape of pelvic cavity

A

Conical/ cylindrical

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9
Q

Which muscle lines most of the pelvic bone facing the pelvic cavity?

A

Obturator internus

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10
Q

Where does the obturator internus insert and what other muscle inserts here?

A

Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur

Piriformis also inserts here

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11
Q

What muscle overlays the sacrospinous ligament?

A

Coccygeus muscle

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12
Q

What are the 3 main muscles of the pelvic floor and what are they called collectively?

A

Iliococcygeus muscle
Pubococcygeus muscle
Puborectalis muscle
These muscles make up Levator Ani

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13
Q

What forms the border between the obturator internus and the levator ani?

A

Tendinous arch of obturator internus fascia

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14
Q

What other ligament is found adjacent to Levantor Ani muscle?

A

Anococcygeal ligament

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15
Q

What does the pelvic diaphragm consists of?

A

Bowl like pair of skeletal muscles (Levantor Ani)

Support pelvic organs

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16
Q

What is the nerve supply to the levator ani?

A

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4) and directly from S4

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17
Q

What are the openings in the levator ani?

A

Urethra
Vagina
Anal canal

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18
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

Inferior layer of the fascia of the urogenital part of pelvic diaphragm

19
Q

What does the perineum contain?

A

Voluntary sphincters

External genitalia

20
Q

What is the name of the fat-filled space between the levator ani and the obturator internus in a male?

A

Ischio-anal fossa

21
Q

What are the 2 sphincters in the urethra of a male?

A

Internal urethral sphincter (Smooth muscle)

External urethral sphincter (Skeletal muscle)

22
Q

What are the 4 parts of the male urethra? How long is it?

A
Preprostatic
Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy 
20 cm
23
Q

Describe the arrangement of the uterus and the bladder in women.

A

The uterus sits on top of the bladder

24
Q

What is different about the urethral sphincters in women?

A

Women have a poorly organised internal sphincter.

External urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle surrounding the urethra in the deep perineal pouch.

25
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter of women found?

A

In the deep perineal pouch

26
Q

How long is the female urethra and vagina?

A

Urethra: 4 cm
Vagina: 8-12 cm

27
Q

What are 2 additional groups of muscle found in females?

A

Sphinter urethrovaginalis

Compressor urethrae

28
Q

Describe the shape of an empty bladder.

A

Tetrahedral

29
Q

What are the structures are each corner of the tetrahedron of the bladder?

A

Posterior superior vertices: ureters enter
Anterior vertex: has the median umbilical ligament
Posterior inferior vertex: urethra exits

30
Q

What covers the superior surface of the bladder?

A

Peritoneum

31
Q

Where does the bladder expand?

A

Between transversals fascia and lining peritoneum

32
Q

Describe the 2 sphincters of the bladders

A

Smooth muscle sphincter (vesicae) at neck

Skeletal muscle sphincter (urethrae) in perineum

33
Q

Describe the structure of the rectum.

A

It has a double S bend.
There are 3 transverse rectal folds (superior, middle and inferior).
Keeps the load off the sphincter.

34
Q

What vessels supply the rectum?

A

Superior, middle and inferior rectal arteries

35
Q

Which nerves supply the rectum and which nerves supply the anal canal?

A

Rectum: autonomic nerves (Sensitive to filling)

Anal canal: somatic nerves (V. sensitive to injury)

36
Q

Which muscle is most important for faecal continence and what does it do?

A

Puborectalis part of Levantor Ani muscle: it puts a sharp angle into the recto-anal junction.

37
Q

What could badly injure the Puborectalis muscle?

A

Episiotomy

38
Q

Describe the muscle types in the internal and external anal sphincters

A
Smooth muscle (internal)
skeletal muscle (external)
39
Q

Where is the “right-angle bend back” in the rectum/ anus?

A

Recto-anal junction

40
Q

What main blood vessels supply all the pelvic organs? (except the ovaries)

A

Internal iliac artery

41
Q

What constitutes the margin of the pelvic inlet?

A
Pubic symphysis
Pecten pubis
Arcuate line
Ala of sacrum
Body of sacrum
42
Q

What constitutes the margin of the pelvic outlet?

A

Inferior pubic symphysis
Pubic arches
Sacrotuberous ligament
Coccyx

43
Q

What are the anterior and posterior vertices of the wedge shaped true pelvis?

A

Sacral promontory to upper border of pubic symphysis

Lower border of pubic symphysis to coccyx