4b management strategies for water and carbon

Question 1

3 types of water management

Answer 1

improving forestry techniques
drainage basin planning
water allocation for DIA (domestic, agricultural, industrial)

Question 2

water allocations for DIA: agriculture

Answer 2

90% human water requirements for agriculture
water loss due to run off mitigated against by terracing
over irrigation and excessive consumption mitigated against by efficient drip irrigation

Question 3

water allocations for DIA: recovery of waste water

Answer 3

water buts on house exteriors- less common in developing countries

Question 4

water allocations for DIA: global disparity

Answer 4

varies across rives
Colorado river is allocated across California, Arizona, Utah and New Mexico.
Mexico only receives 10% river flow

Question 5

management of carbon

Answer 5

afforestation,
increasing wetlands,
carbon trading,
international agreements,
improving agricultural practice

Question 6

management of carbon: carbon trading

Answer 6

countries “buy” carbon off each other if they have exceeded their quota
balance globally
financial penalties for over emissions/ incentives for under emissions
carbon offset

Question 7

management of carbon: improving agricultural practice

Answer 7

rational farming, allows fields a year befe crop again
no machinery on wet soil to stop exposing soil or compaction
polyculture: inc biodiversity, trees shelter crops under canopy, some nutrients aren’t being solely taken

Question 8

water management: improved forestry techniques

Answer 8

funding programmes: the UN’s Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD)
funds over 5 countries globally
The Amazon Regional Protected Areas (ARPA) programme covers nearly 128 million acres of the Amazon basin: in areas included there was a 75% decrease in deforestation for 200 to 2012

Question 9

management of water: drainage basin planning

Answer 9

holistic management approach to accommodate conflicting demands of water users
specific targets for drainage basin planning include: run- off surface water storage and ground water.
rapid run off is controlled by reforestation programmes in upland catchments, reducing artificial drainage and extending permeable surfaces
in England and Wales there is advanced drainage basin planning in use and ten river basins defined to comprise major catchment areas live the Severn, Thames and Humber

Question 10

management of carbon: international agreements (kyoto Protocol)

Answer 10

Kyoto Protocol created in 1997
legally binding reduction of CO2 emissions by many developed countries but excluded major polluters e.g. INdia and China and expired in 2012

Question 11

management of carbon: international agreements (paris agreement)

Answer 11

reduce global emissions of CO2 by 60% of 2010 levels by 2050
keep global warming below 1.5 degrees
countries et their own targets and not legally binding

Question 12

management of carbon: afforestation

Answer 12

china aims to afforest 400 000 km2 by 2050 use of non native fast growing birch and poplar
used to combat desertification and land degradation in Northern China