4.A - impacts of interventions on places Flashcards
1
Q
examples of short term interventions
A
- humanitarian aid, via aid agencies and donated funds
- supporting democratic institutions
- supply medicines/hospital supplies
- protect civilians in war zone with PoCs/peacekeepers
- supply of food aid
- access to clean drinking water
- negotiate periods of ceasefire
- provision of safe havens/PoC camps for IDPs
- provide security for civilians
- control border to reduce flows of people/arms into a conflict
2
Q
examples of long term interventions
A
- building democratic institutions
- agricultural training to improve food security
- supporting fair electoral process
- integrate and promote gender equality
- education programmes to prevent further conflict
- maintain peace
- improve trade relationships with regional partners (e.g. EU)
- develop improved cyber security
- reduce forced conscription of child soldiers
3
Q
what happened in mali pre 2012?
A
- before french colonisation, Timbuktu was controlled by Tuareg nomads who established a prosperous society
- 1892-1960 = french Sudan. refused to give Tuareg any soverign rights
- 1960 = independence! Tuareg wanted to establish Azawad = independent state. Malian ethnic groups didn’t want this so Mali came into existence.
- 23 years of military dictatorship, droughts and rebellions before 2012
- libyan civil war 2011= instability
4
Q
what happened in mali in 2012?
A
- Jan 2012 = loose coalition of armed political and religious groups attacked Malian government forces in north of country
- they claimed the unrecognised state Azawad
- ethnic rebels + a variety of Islamic forces VS mali govt.
- some govt troops who disliked how the govt had handled the rebellion in the north mutinied and carried out a coup in March 2012, taking control of govt building and overthrowing the president
- a new govt was established but they struggled against Tuareg and rebels.
5
Q
what happened in mali in 2013?
A
- 11 Jan 2013 - French military began operations against Islamists. 550 troops sent.
- UN set up “MINUSMA” who worked to set up and develop diplomatic solutions, to respect the right of the govt to territorial integrity and sovereignty
- peace deal between govt and Tuareg rebels was signed on 18th June 2013
- on 26th sept 2013 rebels pulled out of peace treaty and claimed their govt. had not respected the truce
6
Q
what happened in mali in 2015?
A
- ceasefire agreement was signed on 19th Feb 2015 in Algiers, Algeria but sporadic terrorist attacks still occur
- this conflict officially ended with the signing of a peace accord in capital on 15th April 2015
7
Q
what happened in mali in 2016 onwards?
A
- 5th May 2017 a rocket hit a MINUSMA base killing a Liberian soldier and 7 others
- june 2017 bamako attack. 18th June, islamists attacked a luxury resort in Bamako killing 5 people. 6 attackers were also killed in the shooting and hostage taking.
8
Q
how did the French military exercise global governance strategies in Mali and how effective was it?
A
- operation serval
- france initially sent 550 troops along with a campaign of air strikes in northern mali
- this has risen to 5100 troops currently in Mali
- france were asked to intervene by the mali government and was given permission by the UN
- mandate was linked to fighting islamic extremism and protecting 6000 French nationals in Bamako
- successful in ending Tuareg insurgency and pushing back the Islamic extremists control
-** SHORT TERM, SMALL SCALE**
9
Q
how did the UN exercise global governance strategies in Mali and how effective was it?
A
- THROUGH MINUSMA
- it aims to support the political process and stabilise Mali, ensure security, protect civilians, assist reestablishment of state authority and promote/protect human rights
- 9000 troops, 1000 police and more than 1300 other international and local staff are involved
- they operate in the main population centres, keeping open important lines of communication and providing humanitarian assisstance, including return of displaced persons and preparation for free and peaceful elections
- **LONG TERM (estabilishing state authorities)
- LARGER SCALE**
10
Q
how did ECOWAS exercise global governance strategies in Mali and how effective was it?
A
- ECOWAS and the African Union have been involved in mediation and returning power to civilian administration
- success of the combined effects of global governance is evident in the 2015 peace deal which the Mali government formulated with the Tuareg providing some degree of autonomy for the north
- this includes recognition of northern populations in national institutions and transferring a greater proportion of state budget to local authorities in the north
11
Q
how did NGOs exercise global governance strategies in Mali and how effective was it?
A
- provide assistance to local communities:
1. population services international: reproductive health projects
2. care: food insecurity and poverty alleviation
3. world education Mali: addressing educational barriers to literacy
4. Solidarities International: water, hygiene, sanitation and food security in the northern settlements of Timbuktu, Kidal and Gao, and in Koulikoto in the South - despite the presence of MINUSMA forces, this is increasingly difficult work in areas of armed bandits involved in smuggling, car jacking, kidnapping (of tourists, NGO workers and diplomats for ransom money) and land mines
12
Q
opportunities in Mali due to global governance: STABILITY (achieving peace)
A
- by creating more stable conditions, strengthening police and driving insurgents out, Mali have paved the way for more economic growth and devp.
- the malian govt and tuareg-led rebels signed a peace treaty in 2015 (however lots of groups in the North have not agreed to the treaty)
- MINUSMA = mechanisms for political, social and economic stability. providing military force and strengthening police = ↓ terrorist activity (long term, large scale)
- reinforcing international norms of behaviour = nation building and ↑ human rights builds stability LT
- restabilishing sovereign state control of north (↑ autonomy) and territorial integrity within internationally recognised boundaries (UN aim)
- ECOWAS negotiations = more stable
- elections July 2013 = democracy and participation in governance = less revolt = ↑ stability
- UN and NGOs humanitarian assistance, people have a chance to rebuild lives
N Mali remains insecure with regular attacks on UN forces… so this area is less stable
Stability is good for Malian govt but the Tuareg don’t benefit at all as their rebellion is quashed
13
Q
opportunities in Mali due to global governance: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (economic and social)
A
- AFDB (African Development Bank) in partnership with the Climate Investment Funds (CIF) to launch “Renewable Energy in Africa: Mali Country profile
- highlights the country’s current inroads in renewable energy as well as opportunities for scaling up the sector
- bridging the country’s electrification gap (55% in urban areas 15% in rural)
- opportunities to develop the country’s solar, hydro, biomass and wind resources which are currently underutilised (more stability)
- GDP recovering after coup 2015 (economy increased 6-7%)
13
Q
opportunities in Mali due to global governance: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (economic and social)
A
- AFDB (African Development Bank) in partnership with the Climate Investment Funds (CIF) to launch “Renewable Energy in Africa: Mali Country profile
- highlihgts the country’s current inroads in renewable energy as well as opportunities for scaling up the sector
- bridging the country’s electrification gap (55% in urban areas 15% in rural)
- opportunities to develop the country’s solar, hydro, biomass and wind resources which are currently underutilised (more stability)
- GDP recovering after coup 2015 (economy ↑ 6-7% since 2014)
- ↓ import dependency and main exports = gold 72% and cotton 10%
- ↑ economic diversity
- enhancing supply chains for farmers/fishers
- UN mission = stability = helping in development process
- international organisations cooperating w/ Mali govt
- Water aid (work with local communities) in urban and rural areas **(significant LT) = secure sustainable water supply and sanitation, opportunity for citizens to become healthier, more food secure and better educated
- investment from World + African Banks into training programmes for youths and in renewable energy. shows how stability has enabled growth.
14
Q
development and growth in mali statistics
A
HDI: male - 0.455, fm - 0.350
mean years schooling: 2 yrs
secondary education: 11% of pop
literacy: 33.4% of pop
life expectancy: 55yrs (57 now => small increase shows small improvements)
