من سلايد 47-51

Question 1

Which of the following statements about free-living amoebae is TRUE?
a) They are all harmless to humans.
b) They are only found in freshwater environments.
c) They can become parasites under certain conditions.
d) They are always present in the cyst stage.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

2. What is the infective stage of Naegleria fowleri?
   a) Cyst
   b) Trophozoite
   c) Flagellate
   d) All of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)?
a) Fever
b) Headache
c) Stiff neck
d) Diarrhea

Answer 3

D

Question 4

4. Which of the following is a common mode of transmission for Acanthamoeba infections?
   a) Mosquito bites
   b) Contaminated contact lens solutions
   c) Food poisoning
   d) Animal bites

Answer 4

b

Question 5

5. What is the most serious complication of Acanthamoeba keratitis?
   a) Blindness
   b) Meningitis
   c) Pneumonia
   d) Skin rash

Answer 5

A

Question 6

Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of:

a) Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)
b) Amebic keratitis
c) Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
d) Disseminated granulomatous amebic disease

Answer 6

C

Question 7

Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of:

a) Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)
b) Amebic keratitis
c) Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)
d) Disseminated granulomatous amebic disease

Answer 7

C

Question 8

Acanthamoeba spp. are known to cause:

a) Only keratitis
b) Only granulomatous amebic encephalitis
c) Only disseminated granulomatous amebic disease
d) All of the above

Answer 8

D

Question 9

Babesiosis is a parasitic infection transmitted by:

a) Mosquitoes
b) Ticks
c) Fleas
d) Snails

Answer 9

B

Question 10

The gold standard for diagnosing Babesiosis is:

a) Blood culture
b) PCR
c) Microscopy
d) Serology

Answer 10

C

Question 11

Which of the following is a common symptom of Babesiosis?

a) Rash
b) Fever
c) Joint pain
d) All of the above

Answer 11

B

Question 12

Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of:

a) African Sleeping Sickness
b) Chagas disease
c) Leishmaniasis
d) Malaria

Answer 12

A

Question 13

1. The definitive host for Trypanosoma brucei is:

a) Tsetse fly
b) Human
c) Cattle
d) All of the above

Answer 13

B

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE about Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?

a) It causes an acute form of African Sleeping Sickness.
b) It rarely invades the central nervous system.
c) It is found primarily in central and east central Africa.
d) It is transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly.

Answer 14

D

Question 15

Which of the following is the definitive host for Trypanosoma cruzi?
a) Reduviid bugs
b) Humans
c) Armadillos
d) All of the above

Answer 15

D

Question 16

What is the mode of transmission for Chagas disease?
a) Ingestion of contaminated food
b) Contact with infected animals
c) Bite from an infected Reduviid bug
d) Inhalation of contaminated air

Answer 16

C

Question 17

What is the name of the stage of Trypanosomac cruzi that develops in the hindgut of the insect vector?
a) Epimastigote
b) Trypomastigote
c) Amastigote
d) Metacyclic trypomastigote

Answer 17

D

Question 18

Which of the following is a symptom of chronic Chagas disease?
a) Megacolon
b) Megaesophagus
c) Heart failure
d) All of the above

Answer 18

D

Question 19

What is the primary method used to diagnose Chagas disease when parasite numbers are low?
a) Blood culture
b) Serological tests
c) Xenodiagnosis
d) Biopsy

Answer 19

C

Question 20

Choose the correct sentence about Trypanosoma cruzi?
a. Chagas disease is primarily found in North America
b. The kissing bug is the intermediatechoese the correct ahost for Trypanosoma cruzi.
c. Treatment for chronic Chagas disease is highly effective
d. The symptoms of Chagas disease are always severe and easily recognizable

Answer 20

Answer:B
A ➡️ It’s primarily found in Central and South America
C➡️ Treatment is difficult and not always effective, especially in the chronic stage
D➡️ Many people are asymptomatic, and symptoms can be subtle or develop slowly)

Question 21

Describe the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Answer 21

Answer: The life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi involves both a mammalian host (definitive host) and an insect vector (intermediate host).
* The parasite enters the mammalian host through the bite of an infected Reduviid bug, which defecates near the bite wound.
* The parasite transforms into amastigotes and multiplies inside the host’s cells.
* Trypomastigotes are released from the host cells and circulate in the blood.
* An uninfected bug ingests trypomastigotes while feeding on an infected host.
* The parasite transforms into epimastigotes in the insect’s midgut and then into metacyclic trypomastigotes in the hindgut.
* The metacyclic trypomastigotes are excreted in the bug’s feces and can infect a new host.

Question 22

Explain the mechanism by which Trypanosoma cruzi causes damage to the heart and digestive system.

Answer 22

• Heart: The parasite can invade and multiply in heart muscle cells, causing inflammation and damage. This can lead to heart enlargement (cardiomegaly), heart failure, and arrhythmias.
  
  • Digestive System: Trypanosoma cruzi can also invade and damage the smooth muscle cells of the esophagus and colon, leading to megaesophagus (difficulty swallowing) and megacolon (constipation and bowel obstruction).

Question 23

3. Discuss the challenges associated with treating Chagas disease.

Answer 23

Limited treatment options: Current treatments, Nifurtimox and Benznidazole, are effective in the acute stage but have severe side effects and are less effective in the chronic stage.

Chronic stage: Chronic Chagas disease is difficult to treat due to the parasite’s ability to persist in the host for many years.
* Lack of access to treatment: Many people in endemic areas lack access to proper diagnosis and treatment.

Question 24

What are some strategies for preventing Chagas disease?

Answer 24

Vector control: Reducing the population of kissing bugs through insecticide spraying, improved housing conditions, and screening windows.
* Blood screening: Screening blood donations for the parasite to prevent transmission through blood transfusions.
* Early diagnosis and treatment: Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antiparasitic drugs can prevent the development of chronic disease.

Question 25

Explain the concept of xenodiagnosis and its role in diagnosing Chagas disease.

Answer 25

Xenodiagnosis involves using uninfected kissing bugs to feed on a suspected patient. If the parasite is present in the patient’s blood, the bug will become infected. After a few weeks, the bug’s feces are examined for the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi. This method is useful for diagnosing Chagas disease when parasite numbers in the blood are low.

Question 26

Describe the clinical manifestations of Chagas disease, focusing on both acute and chronic stages.

Answer 26

The acute stage of Chagas disease is usually mild and often asymptomatic. However, some people may experience fever, fatigue, swelling around the bite site, and enlarged lymph nodes. The chronic stage can develop years or decades after the initial infection and can manifest as heart disease (cardiomyopathy), digestive problems (megaesophagus and megacolon), or neurological complications.

Question 27

عند نوعين من trypanosoma ؟

Answer 27

Trypanosoma cruzi ➡️. كمان بتكون Chagas’ Disease بتعمل مرض Central and South America. موجوده في

posterior station

Trypanosoma bruce➡️ بتعمل مرض النوم African Africaموجوده في
كمان بتكون anterior station