4.6 amines Flashcards

1
Q

what is a primary amine?

A

an amine that has 1 carbon bonded to the N

  H
   I R - N
   I
  H
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2
Q

what is a secondary amine?

A

an amine that has 2 carbons bonded to the N

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3
Q

when drawing compounds, need to add H to the skeletal formula if bonded to anything other than carbon

A
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4
Q

how do you name amines?

A
  • amino-

e.g 1-aminopropane or 2-amino-2-methylpropane

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5
Q

what is the functional group of amines?

A

-NH2

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6
Q

what is the type of reaction for the formation of aliphatic amines from halogenoalkanes?

A

nucleophilic substitution

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7
Q

what are the reagents/conditions needed for the formation of aliphatic amines from halogenoalkanes?

A

(excess, alcoholic) ammonia

  • reflux in excess, alcoholic solution under pressure

(the nucleophile is ammonia (NH3)

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8
Q

what is an example of an equation for the formation of aliphatic amines from halogenoalkanes?

A

e.g
C2H5Br + NH3 (alc) —> C2H5NH2 + HBr

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9
Q

why is excess ammonia used in the formation of aliphatic amines from halogenoalkanes?

A
  • ammonia attacks halogenoalkanes because it has a lone pair and is a nucleophile
  • the amine produced also has a lone pair C2H5NH2 so can also attack a halogenoalkane; this leads to the formation of substituted amines
  • using excess ammonia ensures that all the halogenoalkane molecules react with the ammonia before having the chance to react with any amines produced

.

  • if want to create a monosubstituted amine, use excess
  • bc lots of CH3CH2Br left over if NH3 not in excess
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10
Q

what is the product of the formation of aliphatic amines from halogenoalkanes?

A

amine (or its salt due to a reaction with the acid produced)

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11
Q

how can ammonium salts be converted to the amine?

A

by adding alkali (e.g NaOH)

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12
Q

if e.g BrCH2CH2Br undergoes nucleophilic substitution to form an amine, what amine is formed?

A

BrCH2CH2Br + 2NH3 —> NH2CH2CH2NH2 + 2HBr

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13
Q

what is the preferred reducing agent when reducing nitriles to amines?

A

LiAlH4

(but hydrogen with a nickel catalyst can also be used)

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14
Q

what are some properties of amines?

A
  • the LONE PAIR on the nitrogen atom in 1°, 2° and 3° amines makes them:
    • basic - can be proton acceptors
    • nucleophiles - provide a lone pair to attack an electron deficient centre
  • their boiling point increases with molecular mass
  • amines have higher boiling points than corresponding alkanes because of their intermolecular hydrogen bonding
  • therefore, lower mass compounds are soluble in water due to the H bonding
  • solubility decreases as the molecules get heavier
  • soluble in organic solvents
  1. basic
  2. high b.p
  3. high solubility
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15
Q

explaining the base strength of amines:

A
  • amines are weak bases
  • lone pair on N can accept a proton
  • base strength depends on how well N lone pair can accept H+
  • the higher the electron density of the N lone pair, the stronger the base
  • CH3CH2CH2NH2 vs CCl3CH2CH2NH2
  • A is a stronger base as B has Cl- which is electronegative so withdrawing e- density from N
  • alkyl groups push electrons towards the N better than N (remember carbocation stability), hence say that the lone pair is more ‘available’ in tertiary amines
  • 3° > 2° > 1° > NH3
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16
Q

amines are (strong/weak) (bases/acids)

A

weak bases

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17
Q

what does the base strengh of amines depend on?

A
  • how well the N lone pair can accept H+
  • (the greater the electron density of the N lone pair, the stronger the base - this is affected by the groups attached to the nitrogen)
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18
Q

why are the lone pair in tertiary amines said to be more ‘available’ than secondary or primary amines?

A
  • alkyl groups push electrons towards the N better than H (remember carbonation stability)
  • hence say that the lone pair is more available in tertiary amines than 2° or 1°
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19
Q

what is an aromatic amine?

A

the amino group must be directly bonded to the benzene ring

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20
Q

aromatic amines are (more/less) basic than tertiary/secondary/primary amines?

A

less basic

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21
Q

why are aromatic amines less basic than tertiary/secondary/primary amines?

A

as the lone pair on the N atom delocalises into the ring, making it less available to accept a proton
(therefore not very basic)

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22
Q

what is the general rule of base strength of amines?

A

3° > 2° > 1° > NH3 > aromatic

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23
Q

what are the 2 reactions of primary amines?

A
  • ethanoylation (acylation) of primary amines
  • making alcohols
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24
Q

what is the reaction of the ethanoylation (acylation) of primary amines?

A
  • acid chloride + amine —> N-substituted amide + HCl
  • primary amines react quickly with ethanoyl chloride to from substituted amides (e.g N-ethylethanamide)
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25
Q

what is the reaction for the formation of alcohols from aliphatic amines?

A
  • add cold nitrous acid, HNO2 at 5°C
  • nitrous acid is made in situ by adding sodium nitrite, NaNO2 and HCl at or below 5°C
  • NaNO2 + HCl —> HNO2 (HONO) + NaCl
  • an aliphatic amine reacts with nitrous acid (nitric (III) acid) to produce the corresponding alcohol
  • bubbles of nitrogen gas are seen as an observation
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26
Q

how is nitrous acid made in the reaction for the formation of alcohols from aliphatic amines?

A
  • made in situ
  • by adding sodium nitrite, NaNO2 and HCl at or below 5°C

NaNO2 + HCl —> HNO2 + NaCl

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27
Q

what is seen as an observation from the reaction for the formation of alcohols from aliphatic amines?

A

bubbles of nitrogen gas

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28
Q

what are the three reactions of amides?
(-C =O
-NH2)

A
  • amide to amine
  • amide to nitrile
  • amide to carboxylic acid
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29
Q

what type of reaction is the one from amides to amines?

A

reduction

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30
Q

what is the reducing agent in the reaction from amides to amines?

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether solvent

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31
Q

what type of reaction is the one forming a nitrile from an amide?

A

dehydration

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32
Q

what is the reagent in the reaction forming a nitrile from an amide?

A

P4O10
(phosphorus (V) oxide)

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33
Q

what type of reaction is the one forming carboxylic acids from amides?

A
  • acid/alkaline hydrolysis
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34
Q

what are the reagents/conditions for the reaction forming carboxylic acids from amides?

A
  • reflux
  • dilute NaOH / dilute H/SO4
  • if using alkaline hydrolsis, need to add acid to protonate the carboxylate salt
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35
Q

what can be used as a test to confirm something is an amide?

A
  • add HNO2 (nitrous acid)
  • bubbles of nitrogen gas given off
36
Q

how can you test between an aliphatic and an aromatic amine?

A
  • add HOMO below 5°C
  • if if fizzes it’s aliphatic, if not it’s aromatic
37
Q

what is step 1 in azo dye formation?

A
  • benzene to nitrobenzene
  • cH2SO4
  • cHNO3
  • reflux
  • 55°C
38
Q

what is step 2 in azo dye formation?

A
  • nitrobenzene to phenylamine
  • reduction
  • tin + cHCl
  • followed by NaOH to deprotonate the salt to form the phenylamine
  • reflux
  • filtration is used to remove the tin (Sn)
39
Q

what type of reaction is the one from nitrobenzene to phenylamine in step 2 of the formation of azo dyes?

40
Q

what are the conditions for the reaction from nitrobenzene to phenylamine in step 2 of the formation of azo dyes?

A
  • tin + cHCl
  • followed by NaOH
  • reflux
41
Q

why is NaOH added after tin + cHCl in the reaction from nitrobenzene to phenylamine in step 2 of the formation of azo dyes?

A

to deprotonate the salt

42
Q

how is the tin removed in the reaction from nitrobenzene to phenylamine in step 2 of the formation of azo dyes?

A

by filtration

43
Q

what is step 3 in azo dye formation?

A
  • react the phenylamine with nitrous acid (nitric (III) acid) (HONO) to form a diazonium salt
  • 5°C
  • (HONO (nitrous acid) is prepared in situ by reacting sodium nitrite with hydrochloric acid)
44
Q

what is formed when you react phenylamine with HONO?

A

a diazonium salt

45
Q

what does step 4 of the azo dye formation depend on? (what happens to the diazonium salt because of ____)

A

the temperature

46
Q

if the temperature is raised to above 10°C, what happens to the diazonium salt in step 4 of azo dye formation?

A
  • the diazonium salt loses a nitrogen gas and an OH group joins to make a phenol and N2
  • bubbles of nitrogen gas seen
47
Q

if the temperature remains below 5-10°C, what happens to the diazonium salt in step 4 of azo dye formation?

A
  • the diazonium salt remains stable
  • (an aliphatic diazonium salt is very unstable, so only aromatics are used)
  • the lone pair present in the salt can participate in the benzene ring, making it more stable
  • this is due to the overlap of p-orbitals in the diazo group with the p-system in the ring
48
Q

the diazonium salt is unstable above __°C?

A

10°C
- so the reaction is normally carried out in ice

49
Q

what is step 5 in the azo dye formation?
(coupling reactions- with phenols)

A
  • below 5/10°C
  • product = 4-hydroxyazobenzene
  • = yellow in colour
  • the colour arises from the overlap of the pi-electrons from the -N=N- and the pi-electrons of the two benzene rings
  • this extended electron system is called a conjugated system
  • such systems absorb electromagnetic radiation and when this takes place in the visible region, the electron system is known as a chromophore
  • such systems absorb strongly in the UV-vis region of the electromagnetic spectrum and can be measured by UV-vis spectroscopy
50
Q

at what temperature should coupling reactions take place at?

A

below ~5°C

51
Q

what colour is 4-hydroxyazobenzene?

52
Q

how does the yellow colour of 4-hydroxyazobenzene arise?

A
  • from the overlap of the pi-electrons from the -N=N- and the pi electrons of the two benzene rings
53
Q

what is step 5 in the azo dye formation?
(coupling reactions- with napthalen-2-ol (2-napthol))

A
  • done in alkaline conditions
  • produces an azodye
  • that’s red in colour
54
Q

what is a chromophore?

A
  • a part of a molecules responsible for the absorption of radiation in the UV-visible region of the EM spectrum
  • a group or atom responsible for the colour of a compound
55
Q

what is the chromophore for azo dyes?

A

the -N=N group
(the diazo group)

  • this group helps conjugation within the molecule which increases the wavelength of light that the molecule absorb
    (- but many molecules containing double bonds can also absorb light and therefore appear coloured)
56
Q
  • an organic molecule that had a chromophore will absorb light of a specific frequency (and colour as talking about visible light)
  • this will cause the organic molecule to REFLECT/TRANSMIT (not emit) the complementary colour. this is the colour we see
  • to deduce what the complementary colour is, we use a colour wheel
57
Q

e.g chlorophyll reflects green light (as green is the complementary colour)
- it therefore absorbs red/violet/blue light

  • if you shine green light on chlorophyll, it will appear _____
  • if you shine red/violet or blue light on it, it will appear ____
A
  • green (as it all gets reflected)
  • black (as it all gets absorbed)
58
Q

what can be used to see exactly what wavelength the organic molecule absorbs?

A

absorption spectras

59
Q

carotene reflects ____ light so therefore absorbs ________ light

A
  • reflects orange light
  • so absorbs purple/blue light
60
Q

many azo dues are used in colourings
- however, many have been banned under EU law due to suspected carcinogenic effects

61
Q

give two common methods of producing aliphatic amines?

A
  • nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes with ammonia
  • reduction of nitriles
62
Q

what conditions are required for amines to be formed from halogenoalkanes?

A
  • warmed/reflux
  • with excess ethanolic ammonia
63
Q

when a halogenoalkane reacts with ammonia, why do you get a mixture of products?

A
  • the reaction will produce a mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salts
  • this is because when a primary amine is produced it acts as a nucleophile in further reactions
  • when it reacts in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, secondary amines are produced
  • these substitution reactions continue taking place until the quaternary ammonium salt is produced
64
Q

why can primary, secondary and tertiary amines act as nucleophiles when quaternary ammonium ions can’t?

A
  • in 1°, 2° and 3° amines, the nitrogen has a lone pair of electrons which allows it to act as a nucleophile
  • the nitrogen atom in quaternary ammonium ions does not have a lone pair of electrons so cannot act as a nucleophile
65
Q

how can the amine be released from an amine salt?

A

treat the amine salt with an alkali e.g NaOH

66
Q

what is the chemical equation for the reduction of ethanenitrile to ethylamine?

A

CH3CN + 4[H] —> CH3CH2NH2

67
Q

what compounds can aromatic amines be reduced from?

A
  • aromatic amines are produced from the reduction of nitro compounds - like nitrobenzene
68
Q

what is the reducing agent used for the reduction of nitro compounds to aromatic amines?

A

tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid

69
Q

what’s the equation for the reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

A
  • nitrobenzene + 6[H] —> phenylamine + 2H2O
70
Q

why do amines act as bases?

A
  • the nitrogen atom in amines has a lone pair of electrons
  • this means amines can form a dative covalent bond with a hydrogen ion
  • therefore amines can act as bases as they accept protons
71
Q

how does the strength of the base depend on the availability of the lone pair of electrons?

A
  • the more available a lone pair of electrons is, the more likely they are to accept a proton and so the stronger a base it will be
  • the higher the electron density of a lone pair, the more available the lone pair is
72
Q

why are primary aromatic amines weaker bases than ammonia?

A
  • primary aromatic amines have a benzene ring
  • this has a delocalised ring of electrons which draws electrons towards itself
  • this means the lone pair on nitrogen gets partially delocalised into the ring which decreases the electron density of nitrogen
  • the lone pair is therefore much less available
73
Q

why are primary aliphatic amines stronger bases than ammonia?

A
  • primary aliphatic amines have an alkyl group which ‘pushes’ electrons towards the nitrogen atom
  • this increases the electron density of nitrogen, making the lone pair more available
74
Q

name the mechanism for the reaction between amines and ethanoyl chloride?

A

nucleophilic addition-eliminiation

75
Q

what can be used to test for primary amines?

A

cold nitric (III) acid

76
Q

what do primary aliphatic and aromatic amines produce when they react with nitric (III) acid at room temperature?

A
  • aliphatic amines = produce alcohols
  • aromatic amines = produce phenols
77
Q

what are the observations when a primary aliphatic amines reacts with cold nitric (III) acid?

A
  • there is a burst of nitrogen - which is a colourless and odourless gas
78
Q

what is produced when primary aromatic compounds react with nitric (III) acid at temperatures below 10°C?

A
  • benzenediazonium compounds
79
Q

what are diazonium ions?

A

ions which contain an N2+ group

80
Q

what are coupling reactions?

A
  • organic reactions which involve the joining together of two chemical species
  • an alkaline solution is required for coupling to occur
81
Q

describe the coupling reaction of benzenediazonium chloride with phenol

A
  • first, a solution of sodium phenoxide is produced by dissolving phenol in sodium hydroxide
  • next, the solution is cooled and added to benzenediazonium chloride
  • a yellow-orange solution/precipitated is formed
  • the product is known as an azo dye
82
Q

what are azo dyes?

A

compounds in which two benzene rings are joined by a nitrogen bridge

83
Q

describe the coupling reaction of benzenediazonium chloride with naphthalen-2-ol

A
  • first, naphthalen-2-ol is dissolved in sodium hydroxide
  • the solution is then cooled and added to benzenediazonium chloride
  • a bright red precipitate forms
  • this is an azo dye
84
Q

describe the coupling reaction of benzenediazonium chloride with phenylamine

A
  • phenylamine is added to a cold solution of benzenediazonium chloride
  • a yellow solid of azo dye is produced
85
Q

how do coloured compound arise?

A
  • coloured compounds arise due to the absorbance and reflection of light by the compound
  • when white light shines on a substance, some of the wavelengths are absorbed but the remaining wavelengths are reflected and transmitted
  • these reflected wavelengths correspond to a specific colour which is then observed
86
Q

how can methyl orange be used to distinguish between acids and bases?

A
  • methyl orange is an azo dye which is red in acids and yellow in bases:
    • in acidic conditions, the nitrogen group gains a hydrogen causing it to interact differently with light, making it appear red
    • in basic conditions, a hydrogen ion is lost so the nitrogen group reflects yellow wavelengths, making it appear yellow