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Year 12 Bio > 4.5 Transsport Of Gases > Flashcards

4.5 Transsport Of Gases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a mass transport system

A

t.s relies on substances being transported in the flow of a fluid

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2
Q

What is a feature of the cardiovascular system (a mammals mass transport system)

A

Contains a system of vessels , thru arteries veins and capillaries

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3
Q

What is a mammal circulation system composed of

A

Systematic circulation - carries oxygenated blood from heart to body cells and returns deox blood back to heart

Pulmonary - carries deox blood from heart to lungs then returns oxy blood back to heart

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4
Q

Adv of double circulation system

A

-more efficient gas exhancge
-blood can be delivered at high pressure to body tissues to meet high respitory demand

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5
Q

why do organisms need a mass transport system

A

to be able to get all of the substances that cells need to the correct place

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6
Q

Plasma is found in the blood what is its function

A
  1. Transfers heat around the body
  2. Transports digested food products
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7
Q

Function of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood

A
  1. Transport 02, contain haemoglobin
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8
Q

What are the types of leukocytes (white blood cells)
Granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils (engulf pathogens by phagocytosis)
  2. Basophils (produce histamines involved in inflammation and allergic reactions)
  3. Eosinophils (response to i and ar.)
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9
Q

What are the types of leukocytes (agranulocytes)

A

Monocytes - engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
Lymphocytes

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10
Q

What is the function of platelets

A

Involved in blood clotting

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11
Q

Function and adaptation of artery

A

Carries blood away from the heart ,at high pressure

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12
Q

function and adaptation of vein

A

Carry blood back to the heart under low pressure

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13
Q

Adaptations of the artery

A

-narrow lumen to maintain hbp
-smooth muscle can contract
-elastic fibres stretch to maintain hbp

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14
Q

What are peripheral arteries

A

Small arteries further away from the heart , they have a greater proportion of smooth muscle than normal artery

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15
Q

Adaptation of veins

A

Thin layer of muscles and elastic fibres as pressure is low
Valves to prevent backflow

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16
Q

Adaptation of capillaries

A

Short diffusion pathway
Easy exchange
One layer of flattened endothelial cells

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17
Q

what is partial pressure for oxygen p02

A

the amount of oxygen in tissue

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18
Q

ventillation allows for

A

the lungs to have high p02 , which means more oxygen is able to associate with haemoglobin molecules.
-% of haemaglobin saturation is highest here

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19
Q

in respiring tissue

A

-the p02 is low , which means oxygen dissociates from oxyhaemoglobin

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20
Q

what is cooperative binding

A

when the first o2 mol binds the haem shape changes making it easier for 2nd and 3rd o2 mols to binds. difficult for 4th as haem mols become full

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21
Q

what is myoglobin

A

-has a higher affinity for oxygen than haem at the same partial pressure, supplies oxygen to muscles for aerboic respiration

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22
Q

s and d between the strucutres and of haem and myglo

A

both globular, haem has 4 pp chains, myg has 1

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23
Q

what is feotal haem

A

they have a stringer affinity for oxygen than maternal haem

24
Q

How does blood clotting occur

A

Plasma platelets and blood cells flow from a cut blood vessel, contact between platelets and tissue cause platelets to open releasing 2 substances …

25
Q

Blood clotting 2

A

Serotonin- causing damaged bv to contract reducing blood flow to damaged area

Thromboplastin enzyme which causes a cascade of events leading to clot formation

26
Q

Blood clotting 3

A

Thromoplastin catalyses conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
Thrombin catalyses the conversion of soluble fribrinogen into insoluble fibrin to cover the wound

27
Q

How does deoxygenated blood flow occur in the heart

A

Blood flows thru Inferior vena cava and then right atrium which contracts pushing blood thru tricuspid valve into right ventricle , blood then goes to pul valve and out then pumps to pul artery to lungs

28
Q

How does oxygenated blood flow occur in the heart

A

Oxygenated blood comes from lungs to pulmonary vein to left atrium , blood travels thru mitral valve into left ventricle , contracts pumping blood thru aortic valve and out the aorta

29
Q

What is the structure of of xylem

A

Transport water and minerals, made of dead tissue with open ends to form a continuous column
-thickened with ligin to provide support

30
Q

Phloem

A

-made of living tissue , translocation, contain sieve tubes and companion cells

31
Q

Movement in xylem :

A

Water moves in plant via osmosis thru root hair cells, water moves thru root also by osm it can move thru symplast or apoplast pathway
T

32
Q

Symplast pathway
Apoplast

A

Water moves thru cytoplasm via the plasmodesmata
Water moves thru cell walls

33
Q

Movement in the phloem

A

Complete

34
Q

Factors affecting transpiration 1

A

Wind - increases t.r as it removes still air from around the leaf , incr conc g and incr rate of diffusion

Humidity - decre conc gradient therefore decr rate of diffusion

35
Q

Transpiration 2

A

Temp - increases random motion , rate of evap thus rate of transpir

Light intensity- increases no of stomata open for phyosythenic gas exchange

36
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. diastole - atria and ventricles are relaxed, blood flows into atria increasing the pressure
  2. Atrial systole - atria contracts , blood empties from the atria entering the ventricles , pressure within ventricles increase
  3. Ventricular systole - atria relax , ventricles contract , pressure increases , blood pushed out ventricles into the arteries
37
Q

Coordination of the cardiac cycle SAN

A

a heart beat starts at sinoatrial node above the right atrium , gives out regular elec sign which spread thru the atria muscles causing them to contract (atrial systole)

38
Q

Atrioventricular node AVN

A

Located near av valve , passes elec sign to middle of the heart (septum) there is a delay here to allow the atria to fully empty before the ventricles contract

39
Q

Bundle of his

A

Carries the elec sign from AVN to the bundle of his , the BOH is very insulated so the electrical signal can’t escape

40
Q

what is an electrocardiogram

A

A medical device that measures the electrical pulse of the heart

41
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

The hardening of the arteries caused by damage to the endothelium of an artery

42
Q

How can increased blood pressure increase the risk of atherosclerosis

A

-damage to endothelium lining
-inflammatory response occur
-formation of plaque in arteries so they’re narrowed reducing blood flow

43
Q

Effects of atherosclerosis on health

A

Aneurism which is the bursting of the artery wall , raised blood pressure, angina which is the build up of plaque on the Coronary arteries reducing blood flow to the heart

44
Q

How can angina be treated ?

A

A stent to hold the coronary arteries open

45
Q

Effects of atherosclerosis on health 2

A

Myocardial infarction, blood clots , strokes

46
Q

What are non modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis , you can’t change
Modifiable

A

Age , gender , genetics

Smoking, excersize

47
Q

How can you prevent atherosclerosis

A

Eating balanced diet , not smoking , healthy weight

48
Q

What are the 3 fluid types?

A

Blood , tissue fluid and lymph

49
Q

How is tissue fluid formed

A

Hydrostatic pressure is generated by the heart
Water. and low molecular mass solutes are forced out f the capillaries

50
Q

describe the movement of tissue fluid

A

-theres a hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the cap from heart beat contractions
-fluid substances are forced out thru pores in capillary walls at the arterial end
-bc the h.s press is higher than the oncotic pressure , but when o.p is higher than h.s the fluid moves back into the cap

51
Q

what is tissue fluid?

A

a fluid that surrounds all the cells in the body

52
Q

how does oncotic pressure work?

A

when the fluid flows thru the cap not all particles can fit thru like proteins bc theyre too big, so the tissue fluid has a higher water potential than the blood so moves back into capilaries by osmosis

53
Q

How can increased blood pressure increase the risk of atherosclerosis

A

Damage to endothelium lining
Inflammatory response occurs
Therefore formation of plaque in arteries
Arteries r narrowed reducing blood flow

54
Q

What factors other than increased blood pressure can increase the risk of atherosclerosis

A

Smoking damages arteries lining
Type 2 diabetes increase blood pressure
Lack of excersize

55
Q

Describe the structure of the heart

A

Four chambers , right and left atrium and ventr
Myocardial tissue
Left ventricle is thicker than right

56
Q

What is an adv to the oxygen dissociation curve shifting to the right co2

A

-respiring cells
-haem has lower affinity for o2
-unloads its o2
-more o2 is released to be used in aerobic respiration

57
Q

what is the cohesion tension theory

A

water is lost thru transpiration from leaves,
cells have low water potential bc of the cohesion of water molecules that form hydorgen bonds

Year 12 Bio (5 decks)

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