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Chemistry Rev 4th Form > 4.5 Organic 1 > Flashcards

4.5 Organic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does crude oil come from?

A

Fossilisation

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2
Q

Is crude oil a finite resource T or F?

A

T

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3
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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4
Q

Define a hydrocarbon

A

A compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon

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5
Q

Give a method used to obtain ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water?

A

Fractional Distillation

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6
Q

What would happen to the size of the hydrocarbon molecules if the boiling point increases?

A

Higher Boiling point due to a higher RFM more energy is required as there are more electrons

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7
Q

What happens to the colour of hydrocarbons if the RFM increases?

A

Become darker

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8
Q

What is viscosity?

A

How thick something is

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9
Q

Give the order of fractions?

A

Refinery Gases, Gasoline, Kerosene, Diesel, Fuel Oil, Bitumen

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10
Q

Is the BP of fractions higher at bitumen or refinery gases?

A

Higher at Bitumen

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11
Q

Is the RFM of fractions higher at bitumen or refinery gases?

A

Higher at Bitumen

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12
Q

Is the colour of fractions darker at bitumen or refinery gases?

A

Darker at Bitumen

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13
Q

Is the viscosity of fractions higher at bitumen or Gasoline?

A

Very Viscous (higher) at Bitumen

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14
Q

Give the use of refinery gases?

A

Camping Stoves

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15
Q

Give the use of Gasoline?

A

Fuel for cars

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16
Q

Give the use of Kerosene?

A

Fuel for planes

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17
Q

Give the use of Diesel?

A

Fuel for lorries

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18
Q

Give the use of Fuel oil?

A

Fuel for ships

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19
Q

Give the use of Bitumen?

A

Making roads

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20
Q

Give the steps to finding fractions? (6 steps)

A
  1. Heat crude oil until it vaporises
  2. Longest fractions stay as liquid falling to the bottom
  3. Fractioning column is hotter at the bottom & cooler at top
  4. Vapour rides until it reaches BP where it condenses
  5. Collected as mixtures with similar BP
    6.Shortest chains found at top of column, opposite at bottom.
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21
Q

Name all 6 Alkanes and how many carbons & Hydrocarbons they have?

A

Methane (1,4)
Ethane (2,6)
Propane (3,8)
Butane (4,10)
Pentane (5,12)
Hexane (6,14)

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22
Q

What are Alkanes?

A

Saturated Hydrocarbons (no double bonds)

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23
Q

Give the general formula of Alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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24
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound e.g. CH3

25
Q

What is the Molecular formula?

A

The number of each kind of atom in a molecule e.g. C5H12

26
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

Describes what is bonded to each C in a molecule e.g. CH3CH2CH

27
Q

What is the homologous series?

A

Homologous series - Same general formula, same function group

28
Q

What happens to the to the boiling point of Alkanes?

A

Higher = Higher RFM means more electrons and stronger intermolecular forces

29
Q

What happens to the to the flammability of Alkanes?

A

The longer they are means they have more C + H means they are less fammable

30
Q

What happens to the to the viscocity of Alkanes?

A

More viscous as the chain length increases due to stronger intermolecular forces

31
Q

What are isomers

A

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.

32
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Double bond means more electrons and will be more reactive

33
Q

Give the products of combustion of a Hydrocarbon?

A

CO2 and Water –> only products of complete combustion

34
Q

What can halogens do with alkanes?

A

Substitution -> Halogen takes the place of a H in a displayed formula

35
Q

What conditions are necessary for substitution of halogens with alkanes?

A

UV light

36
Q

Give all 4 pollutants caused by combustion of alkanes?

A

Sulphur Dioxide
Oxides of nitrogen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon particulates (soot)

37
Q

How us Sulphur Dioxide formed and why is it a problem?

A

Burn sulphur impurities in fuel - causes acid rain

38
Q

How us oxides of Nitrogen formed and why is it a problem?

A

High Temperatures + pressure in engines - Cause of acid rain + harmful if inhaled

39
Q

How is Carbon monoxide formed and why is it a problem?

A

Incomplete combustion - toxic, binds irreversibly to RBCs stops blood carrying O2

40
Q

How is Carbon particulates formed and why is it a problem?

A

Incomplete Combustion - covers buildings, harmful to breath in

41
Q

What is the process of cracking?

A

Cracking is the process of breaking down longer chain hydrocarbons, into shorter ones. We do this because the shorter ones are more useful and therefore higher in demand.

42
Q

In a cracking demo what are you heating?

A

Aluminium oxides catalyst

43
Q

What does cracking do?

A

Shorter alkanes and alkenes

44
Q

Cracking is thermal decomposition, define it?

A

Chemicals breaking down due to heat

45
Q

What is the difference between alkanes and alkenes?

A

Alkenes have a double bond
Alkenes have 2 less hydrogens than alkanes

46
Q

How is an alkene described?

A

An Unsaturated hydrocarbon

47
Q

What happens to the alkanes when the are alkenes?

A

Lose 2 hydrogens
Now end with -ene

48
Q

What type of flame do alkenes make?

A

Smoky flame

49
Q

Define the term isomerism?

A

Same molecular formula, different structural formula

50
Q

What happens with alkenes and halogens?

A

Addition - halogens take the place of two missing hydrogens

51
Q

Is UV light required for addition between halogens and alkenes?

A

No, happens at room temperature

52
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A plastic - A polymer is a long chain molecule made up of repeating units (monomers)

53
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A monomer is a small reactive molecule (usually an alkene/alcohol/ carboxylic) which when added together form a polymer

54
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

This is a type of polymerisation that occurs by the a monomer being continuously added onto the end of a polymer chain

55
Q

What is added to the beginning of an alkene with polymerisation?

A

Poly eg: Poly(ethene)

56
Q

How can polymers be drawn in this case Poly(propene)

A

h\ /ch3 ch3\ /h
n c=c —-> —-(– c - c –)—
h/ \h h/ \h

57
Q

Why are there issues with disposing of polymers?

A

Polymers have strong bonds that are not broken down easily

58
Q

How can we dispose of polymers?

A
  • Incinerate the polymer, using the heat to generate electricity
  • Sort and recycle the plastics, this will weaken the plastics over time
    Landfill - buried underground

Chemistry Rev 4th Form (5 decks)

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