44. System Rescue Flashcards
Chapter 44 Introduction
Chapter 44 Introduction:
Sooner or later a system is likely to undergo a significant failure, such as failing to boot properly, to mount filesystems, initiate a desktop display, etc. System Rescue media in the form of optical disks or portable USB drives can be used to fix the situation. Booting into either emergency or single user mode can enable using the full suite of Linux tools to repair the system back to normal function.
Learning Objectives:
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
- Explain what forms system rescue media come in and how they are made available or can be prepared.
- Know how to enter emergency mode and what can be done there.
- Know how to enter single user mode, what can be done there, and how it differs from emergency mode.
Rescue Media and Troubleshooting
We will discuss system rescue and recovery shortly, but here let us focus on the use of rescue media in troubleshooting.
Exact tool choices will vary from one Linux distribution to another, but when you boot from an install or live CD/DVD or USB drive you will be able to select an option with a name like Rescue Installed System.
Rescue disks contain many useful programs:
- Disk utilities for creating partitions, managing RAID devices, managing logical volume, and creating filesystems: fdisk, mdadm, pvcreate, vgcreate, lvcreate, mkfs, etc.
- Networking utilities for network debugging and network connectivity: lfconfig, route, traceroute, mtr, host, ftp, scp, ssh, etc.
- Numerous other commands are also available: bash, chroot, ps, kill, vi, dd, tar, cpio, gzip, rpm, mkdir, ls, cp, mv, and rm to name a few.
Using Rescue/Recovery Image
The rescue image will ask a number of questions upon starting. One of these is whether or not to mount your filesystems (if it can).
If so, they are mounted at somewhere, usually at /mnt/sysimage. You can move to that directory to get to your files or you can change into that environment with what command?
- ___
For a network-based rescue you may also be asked to mount /mnt/source.
You may install software packages from inside the chroot-ed environment. You may also be able to install them from outside the chroot-ed environment. For example, on an RPM-based system, by using the –root option to specify the location of the root directory:
$ sudo rpm -ivh –force –root=/mnt/sysimage /mnt/source/Packages/vsftpd-2*.rpm
- $ sudo chroot /mnt/sysimage
System Rescue and Recovery
Sooner or later, a system is likely to undergo a significant failure, such as failing to boot properly, to mount filesystems, initiate a desktop display, etc. ___ in the form of optical disks or portable USB drives can be used to fix the situation. Booting into either ___ or ___ can enable using the full suite of Linux tools to repair the system back to normal function.
- System Rescue media
- emergency
- single user mode
Emergency Boot Media
Emergency boot media are useful when your system won’t boot due to some issue such as missing, misconfigured, or corrupted files or a misconfigured service.
Rescue media may also be useful if the ___ password is somehow lost or scrambled and needs to be reset.
Most Linux distributions permit the install media (CD, DVD, USB) and/or Live media to serve a ___ purpose as a rescue disk, which is very convenient. There are also special-purpose rescue disks available.
Live media (in any format) provide a complete and bootable operating system which runs in ___, rather than loading from disk. Users can experience and evaluate an operating system and/or Linux distribution without actually installing it, or making any changes to the existing operating system on the computer.
Live removable media are unique in that they can run on a computer lacking secondary storage, such as a hard disk drive, or with a corrupted hard disk drive or file system, allowing users to rescue data.
- root
- double
- memory
Using Rescue Media
Whether you are using Live, install or rescue media, the procedures for entering into a special operating system for rescue and recovery are the same, and as we have pointed out, one medium serves all three purposes.
The rescue/recovery mode can be accessed from an option on the boot menu when the system starts from the removable media. In many cases, you may have to type rescue on a line like:
boot: Linux rescue
We can’t tell you all the possibilities, as each distribution has somewhat different, but easy to ascertain procedures.
Next, you can expect to be asked some questions, such as which language to continue in, as well as make some distribution-dependent choices. Then, you will be prompted to select where a valid rescue image is located: CD/DVD, Hard Drive, NFS, FTP, or HTTP.
The selected location must contain a valid installation tree, and the installation tree must be for the same Linux version as the rescue disk, and if you are using removable media, the installation tree must be the same as the one from which the media was created. If you are using a boot.iso image downloaded from the vendor, then you will also need a network-based install tree.
Additional questions are asked about mounting your filesystems. If they can be found, they are mounted under /mnt/sysimage. You will then be given a shell prompt and access to various utilities to make the appropriate fixes to your system.
___ can be used to better access your root (/) filesystem.
- chroot
Rescue USB Key
Many distributions provide a boot.iso image file for download (the name may differ). You can use dd to place this on a USB key drive as in:
$ dd if=boot.iso of=/dev/sdX
assuming your system recognizes the removable drive as /dev/sdX. Be aware this will obliterate the previously existing contents on the drive!
Assuming your system has the capability of booting from USB media and the BIOS is configured for it, you can then boot from this USB drive. It will then function in the same fashion as a rescue CD or DVD. However, note that the install tree will not be present on the USB drive; therefore, this method requires a network-based install tree if one is needed.
Helpful utilities such as livecd-tools and liveusb-creator allow specification of either a local drive or the Internet as the location for obtaining an install image, and then do all the hard work of constructing a bootable image and burning it on the removable drive. This is extremely convenient and works for virtually all Linux distributions.
Emergency Mode
In emergency mode you are booted into the most ___ environment possible. The ___ filesystem is mounted read-only, no init scripts are run and almost nothing is set up.
The main advantage of emergency mode over single-user mode (to be described next) is that if init is corrupted or not working, you can still mount filesystems to recover data that might be lost during re-installation.
To enter emergency mode, you need to select an entry from the GRUB boot menu and then hit ___ for edit. Then add the word ___ to the kernel command line before telling the system to boot. You will be asked for the root password before getting a shell prompt.
💡You may also enter emergency mode when a boot fails for a variety of reasons, including a corrupted filesystem.
- minimal
- root
- e
- emergency
Single User Mode
If your system boots, but does not allow you to log in when it has completed booting, try single user mode. In single user mode:
- init is started
- Services are not started
- Network is not activated
- All possible filesystems are mounted
- root access is granted without a password
- A system maintenance command line shell is launched.
In this mode, your system boots to runlevel 1 (in SysVinit language). Because single user mode automatically tries to mount your filesystem, you cannot use it when your root filesystem cannot be mounted successfully, or if the init configuration is corrupted.
To boot into single user mode, you use the same method as described for emergency mode with one exception, replace the keyword emergency with the keyword ___.
- single
