4.4. Sustainable management of hazardous environments Flashcards
Why is there human activity near volcanos?
- Fertile soils
- Freshwater supplies
- Agriculture, mining, quarrying, geothermal heat
- Tourism
- Volcanic materials
- Archaeological and artistiic gains.
Hazards can be sustainable if balanced with potential gains from the hazard.
What is the do nothing approahc
Do nothing - depends on volcano, especially if frequent eruptions. Protecting the area is costly and may not be possible - issues like gas flows, pyroclastic flows and lahars nearly impossible to stop without high investment and could cause false sense of security. This may involve leaving behind homes and jobs and families, causing instability and inequality. Living with the risk makes them part of the livelihood and localising disaster risk reduction. This needs community involvement in the preparedness, mitigation and post disaster response and recovery
What is the sustainable livelihoods approach
Sustainable livelihoods - create and maintain means of community living that are flexible, safe and healthy done by understanding and managing vulnerability and risk whilst maximising the benefits to communities of the environment - managing reconstruction and resettlement following a disaster.
What is the managing vulnerability and risk approach?
Managing vulnerability and risk - thinking ahead of event to ensure livelihoods preserved so population easier recovery. Affected population confident livelihoods remain so willing to follow plans without putting lives at risk - may prevent lava blocking and involve living with volcanic risk. They maximise community benefits sustainably by using the benefits from the volcanos, balancing it with the damages.
What ways are used to manage the crisis?
Managing crises - emergency response, relief aid adopted to sustainable livelihood approahc
Reconstruction and resettlement - settling away from dangerous zones and construction away from it and living with risk to use the benefits. Sometimes leave to people living in poorly managed shelters with no livelihood prospects and reutrning home to livelihoods despite the risk
Reducing impact: change of perception and action, using advantages for risk reduction, locals monitor understand, communicate, make decisions and take responsibility for aspects of risk redution and can minimalize disadvantagse
Why may some livelihoods not be volcano related?
- Agriculture due to floodwaters
- Not all volcanic activity yield livelihoods or encouraged - e.g. tourism discouraged as if someone died industry would suffer
- Resource availability does not mean should be done as mining could be dangerous, too dependent or environmentally/socially destructive to be worth pursuing.
- Volcanic risk perception and communication studies show not everyone living by volcano understands risk and implications
- Risks and benefits emergy, forming an integral part of reduction - living with the risk is not always feasible and volcanos should not be relied on.
- Other approaches should be considered or combinateions of the approahces.
What are the options for dealing with hazards?
Do nothing - disaster occurs, you rebuild
Protect society - not always possible, leads to risk transference and increased vulnerability
-Avoid hazards - not always possible, other socio economic problems
Live with hazard and risks - livelihood integrated with threat and opportunities
What is sustainable management?
Creating and maintaining community that is safe, flexible and healthy
Consists of: post disaster phase - emergency response and pre event phase - risk identification, reduction, transfer and preparedness.
It is the aims to meet the needs of today without compromising the needs of the future involving - economic prosperity - protecting standard of living whilst recognising economic benefits from hazard, environmental protection and social responsibility - quality of life prevents harm from disasters due to health, education and living standards
What principles should be focus on to sustainably manage an are?
Understanding, communicating and managing vulnerability and risk - pre disaster and emergency preparedness
- Maximise benefit of environment balanced with vulnerability - resources, energy and tourism
- Managing crises - emergency response and relief
- Manage resettlement, restoration and recovery - move away, rebuild services.
- Vulnerability and risk - think to preserve livelihoods, recovery, willingness to cooperate to balance risk and vulnerability - may include prediction of scale and intensity, hazard mapping, preparedness, monitoring, drills, buildings, and changing perception to locals
What are the stages of disaster
- Improve understanding of vulnerability and risk using emergency preparedness - mapping, preparedness and monitoring, challenging perception of risk. Preserves local livelihood, make recovery easier improve local confidence - makes more likely to help
- Effective response and recovery - relief, emergency response, transitional settlements, food security. Managing resettlement restoration and reconstruction important for social and cultural needs
- Maximi0sing benefits of environment to communities balanced with risk
What are the barriers to sustainable managements?
- Shift from disaster response to preparation and prediction - may be failures in short run
- poverty leads to vulnerable locations unsafe
- Multiple hazard zones - succeeding events divert relief from development
- Lack of collaboration/wealth for PPPm
- Local attitudes - people ignore hazards if one off and think governments job to protect
- Government coordination - some groups slower to recover then others so better to empower from bottom up especially if state in incompetent.
What are the impacts of sustainably managing volcano?
- Not everyone living by volcano realises risk as benefit from opportunities - these may not be volcano related, yields are limited livelihood and resources may be limited or damaging to abstract
- Should no be relief on without considering drawbacks
What are the impacts of sustainably managing hurricanes?
-LICs try to integrate recovery with development initiatives e.g. Jamaica shifted disaster recovery responsibility from emergency management to long term environmental/economic development
What is the 4 stage model of disasters?
- Emergency removal of debris, emergency supplies and housing
- Restore public services
- Replace capital stock
- Initiate reconstruction involving economic growth
What does successful recovery require?
- Integration of interested parties - government, NGOs, community
- Monitoring and enforcing policies
- Recognition of rights - elderly, women, migrants, refugees
- Leadership - bottom up usually better
- Resources
