4.4-4.7 vocab (boundaries) Flashcards
Political boundaries
divisions of governance between states & within them that reflect balances of power that have been negotiated or imposed
3 types of boundaries
cultural boundary, geometric boundary, physical boundary
cultural boundary
a boundary based on, divisions of ethnicity, religion, or language
geometric boundary
Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines (may also be superimposed and/or antecedent)
Physical boundary
a boundary formed by a geographic feature such as a river, mountain range, or desert
relic boundary
a former boundary line that is still discernible & marked by some cultural landscape features
superimposed boundary
a boundary line placed by an outside power, that is placed over & ignoring an existing cultural pattern
antecedent boundary
a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated
subsequent boundary
a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled & that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area
consequent boundary
a type of subsequent boundary that is intentionally drawn to accommodate cultural differences, such as ethnicity, religion, or language
purpose of boundaries
to show the limits of political power
territoriality
what boundaries define & enforce
defined boundary
a boundary established by a legal document, such as a treaty
demilitarized zone
a region where no military forces or weapons are permited
delimited boundary
a line drawn on a map to show the limits of a space
types of boundary disputes
definitional (positional), locational (territorial), operational (functional), alloctional (resource)
jurisdiction
an area of authority or control
demarcated boundary
a boundary identifies by physical objects places on the landscape, such as a sign, wall, or fence (build a wall!!!)
packing
concentrating partisan voters in a single district in order to maximize the # of representatives that can be elected by the opposition in other districts
UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones. (established 1956)
operation/functional boundary dispute
disagreement over policies to be applied along a boundary, such as immigration or land use
location/territorial boundary dispute
conflict between states or regions over the ownership of a given area
definitional/positional boundary dispute
conflict over the interpretation of a boundary agreement
contagious zone
an negotiator zone between the territorial waters and the high seas. It extends 12-24 miles out from the coast. States have the right to enforces violations of customs, immigration, or sanitary laws in that zone
cracking
dividing an opponent’s voters into other districts to weaken the opponent’s voters base
census
the official count of a population. The U.S conducts a full cencus every 10 years for the purpose of determining house districts
South China Sea
an area of nautical territorial conflict between China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia (also Taiwan)
census tracking
An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
incumbent
a current officeholder
majority-minority districts
Drawing district boundaries to give a minority group (such as African America, Hispanic, etc) a majority in that district
international waters
nautical areas where all states have freedoms of navigation and overflight. In general, that means that ships of any country can transit in that area or airspace (generally begin 12 miles from the coast)
Gerrymandering
the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
Spratly islands
a disputed group of more than 750 reefs, islets, atolls, cays and islands in the South China Sea. The archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines, Malaysia, and southern Vietnam.
territorial waters
the waters near states’ shores generally treated as part of national territory (12 mile limit)
high seas / open ocean
200 miles and out. All resources are shared and no country has jurisdiction. (resource use can still be regulated by treaty)
high seas / open ocean
200 miles and out. All resources are shared and no country has jurisdiction. (resource use can still be regulated by treaty)
exclusive economic zone
area in which ocean resources belong exclusively to the geographically bordering state (generally within 200 miles of the coast)
reapportionment
the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census
salamander
an amphibian that looks like a lizard
salamander
an amphibian that looks like a lizard
redistricting
The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
redistricting
The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.
origin of gerrymandering
the word comes from a combination of a name of a Massachusetts governor & the salamander-like shape of the district he drew
Allocational/resource boundary dispute
dispute over natural resource that occurs on or at the boundary
Cracking and Packing
techniques used to redraw electoral boundaries to favor one political party over another
