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Microbiology Exam 1 > 4.3.18 Biochemistry II > Flashcards

4.3.18 Biochemistry II Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 factors affecting bacterial growth

A

nutrients, energy source, carbon source, terminal electron acceptor, oxygen, pH, temperature

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2
Q

Nutrients is where we get ___ sources & various trace nutrients

A

C, N, P

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3
Q

Non-fastidious vs. fastidious

A

Non-fastidious - grows on simple salts
fastidious - difficult to culture based on growth conditions & nutritional needs

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4
Q

oxygen varies from ___ to ___

A

essential to toxic

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5
Q

Many bacteria are ___ & ___, where do they get their carbon & energy source?

A

Many bacteria are chemoheterotrophs or heterotrophs
Energy source = organic compounds
Carbon source = organic compounds

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6
Q

bacterias major goal. How do they harness energy to drive reactions?

A

replicate itself

Harness the energy from delta G from breakdown (catabolic) reactions to drive biosynthetic (anabolic) reactions

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7
Q

Describe -delta G

A

-delta G = exergonic reaction = energy released & is available for work

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8
Q

Describe catabolism. It releases energy harnessed in? What is this done through?

A

degeneration = breakdown of molecules

Release energy trapped in molecules
Released energy are harnessed in PMF, NAD(P)H, & ATP to do cellular work

Done through glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle

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9
Q

Describe anabolism. Where does it get energy from? What is this done through?

A

biosynthesis = biosynthesis of molecules

Using energy that was harnessed from catabolism (movement of electrons down the gradient in PMF, hydrolysis of high energy phosphate bonds of ATP, oxidation of NAD(P)H)

Done through amino acid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis

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10
Q

Define chemical bioenergetics in the cytosol

A

energy captured from catabolism used to produce molecules w/ bonds w/ high free energy of hydrolysis

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11
Q

Define electrical bioenergetics in the cytosol

A

Electrons from oxidation of molecules are used to reduce molecule such as NAD(P)+ to produce NAD(P)H

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12
Q

High energy carries are created from

A

high energy bonds

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13
Q

Where is the ETC for bacteria located?

A

membrane

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14
Q

Explain Peter Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory

A

Movement of electrons down the electrical gradient in the membrane via ETC releases energy that is used to generate electrochemical energy (PMF) across the cell membrane

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15
Q

H+ is electrical/chemical & pH = log 1/H+ is electrical/chemical

A

electrical
chemical

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16
Q

PMF is used for what in bacteria?

A

ATP synthesis
Flagella mediated motility
Solute transport
pH homeostasis

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17
Q

T/F: fermenting bacteria produce PMF

A

T

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18
Q

Define oxidation, reduction, electron donor, electron acceptor

A

Oxidation = losing electrons
Reduction = gaining electrons
Electron donor = reducing agent = molecule that’s getting oxidized
Electron acceptor = oxidizing agent = molecule that’s getting reduced

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19
Q

Redox reactions are always

A

coupled

20
Q

Define reduction potential

A

tendency to either donate or accept electrons of a molecule

21
Q

Bacteria pulls different amount of energy out of chemical compound based on

A

terminal electron acceptor

22
Q

Fermentation occurs in the ___. Is it aerobic or anaerobic? What’s its terminal electron acceptor? How is ATP generated? What is often an intermediate in the reaction?

A

cytosol
anaerobic
organic molecule generated within the pathway
substrate-level phosphorylation
pyruvate

23
Q

Respiration occurs in the ___. Electron movement is coupled to proton extrusion to generate ___. How is ATP generated? Is it aerobic or anaerobic? Where does the terminal electron acceptor come from?

A

Cell membrane
PMF
using PMF via ATP synthase
BOTH
outside the pathway

24
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the ___. It is the direct transfer of ___ from an ___ to ___. It is the formation of a ___ bond

A

Cytosol
Direct transfer of phosphate from an organic molecule w/ a high group transfer potential (high free energy of hydrolysis) to ADP
Formation of a phosphate bond

25
Q

___ is a reducing power

A

H

26
Q

Define cellular respiration. Energy released is coupled to ___ to generate ___

A

utilization of the energy released from oxidation of a molecule to generate PMF via ETC

H+ translocation to generate PMF

27
Q

Describe prokaryotic respiration

A

Can have multiple pathways that are branched & modular
Allows organism to get different amounts of energy from each compound

28
Q

E. coli lacks ___ complex & doesn’t tend to use cytochrome c during ___

A

cytochrome bc1
aerobic respiration

29
Q

Some dehydrogenases & terminal oxidases are ___ that use energy from redox reaction to translocate protons

A

proton pumps

30
Q

Define proton pumps

A

Moves positively charged ions across the membrane
Moves H+ out of cell

31
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation produces ___ ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation produces ___ ATP. Producing a total of

A

4
34
38

32
Q

What are the 2 fermenting conditions pathways?

A

Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase
Pyruvate-formate lyase

33
Q

What is the respiring conditions pathway?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

34
Q

TCA cycle steps

A

citrate –> isocitrate –> alpha-ketoglutarate –> succinyl-CoA –> succinate –> fumarate –> malate –> oxaloacetate

35
Q

Glyoxylate pathway is not present in

A

mammals

36
Q

Glyoxylate pathway used for metabolism of

A

FA & acetate

37
Q

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway is only found in

A

prokaryotes

38
Q

Why is the utilization of O2 a paradox?

A

b/c it’s an essential element of macromolecules & for metabolism of many bacteria, but also the precursor of some of the most dangerous agents for cellular material

39
Q

Define aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles, & capnophiles

A
  • Aerobes: REQUIRE O2
  • Anaerobes: ABSENCE of O2
  • Facultative anaerobes: can grow in the presence or absence of O2
  • Aerotolerant anaerobes: don’t use O2, but grow in the presence of O2
  • Microaerophiles: only grown in low O2
  • Capnophiles: can grow in high CO2
40
Q

define reactive oxygen species

A

oxygen w/ unpaired electrons

41
Q

___ removes O2 radicals. ___ removes H2O2

A

superoxide dismutase
catalase

42
Q

H2O2 can directly inactivate enzymes & also generate ___ by interacting w/ O2 radicals

A

OH radicals

43
Q

___ radical is the most reactive ROS & can interact w/ nearly all biomolecules

A

OH

44
Q

Define Fenton reaction

A

Fe2+ mediated generation of hydroxyl radical

45
Q

Presence or absence of SOD & catalases: strict anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes, aerobes

A
  • Strict anaerobes: no SOD or catalases
  • Aerotolerant anaerobes: SOD & a peroxidase, no catalase
  • Aerobes: both SOD & catalase
46
Q

What is Anaerobic sulfate reducer Desulfovibrio vulgaris & C. acetobutylicum

A

superoxide reductase system that allows elimination of O2 radicals w/o the generation of O2
- Don’t require O2

47
Q

Describe lactic acid bacteria

A

NADH oxidase = unique flavoprotein that catalyzes direct 4 electrons reduction of O2 to 2 H2O

Microbiology Exam 1 (2 decks)

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