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Biology - 4.3 Classification And Evolution > 4.3.1 Classification And Phlogeny > Flashcards

4.3.1 Classification And Phlogeny Flashcards

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1
Q

define classification

A

The process of naming and organising organisms into groups based on their characteristics

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2
Q

What is the highest taxonomic rank

A

Domains

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3
Q

Define taxonomy

A

Arranging organisms into groups based on shared features - these is no overlap between each group can only belong to one group at each tax on

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4
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic ranks

A

Domains
Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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5
Q

What is the binomial naming system

A

When we use the genus and species to identify species

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6
Q

How do we use the binomial naming system

A

Established by Carl Linnaeus
Use italics
Genus = capital letter
Species = lowercase

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7
Q

What is the advantage of using the binomial naming system

A

Removes the language barrier
Using universal Latin names

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8
Q

Define species

A

A group of organisms that are able to reproduce fertile offspring

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9
Q

How many domains of life are there

A

3

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10
Q

What are the main differences between archaea and eubacteria

A

Archaea have no peptidoglycan in their cell wall
Different numbers of proteins in RNA polymerase
Archaea have a monolopid cell membrane. Eubacteria have a bilipid cell membrane
Eubacteria are found in all environments whereas archaea are found in extreme conditions (extremophiles)

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11
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A

Prokaryotes
Animalia
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae

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12
Q

What are heterotroph organisms

A

An organism that cannot make its own food

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13
Q

Examples of heterotroph organisms

A

Animalia - all
Fungi - all
Protocista - some
Prokaryotes - some

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14
Q

What is an autotroph organism

A

An organism that can make its own food - via photosynthesis

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15
Q

Examples of autotrophic organisms

A

Plantae - all
Prokaryotes - some
Protocista - some

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16
Q

What is a saprotophic organism

A

An organism that secretes digestive enzymes onto food
Enzymes digest large molecules in food
(Hyphae) products of digesting absorb molecules into cells

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17
Q

What are examples of satrotophic organisms

A

Fungi

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18
Q

What is phylogeny

A

Phylogeny is the evolutionary relationships between organisms
It is the study of the closeness of evolutionary relationships
Phylogeny is the base of modern classification
The closer the evolutionary relationship the closer the taxonomic grouping

19
Q

Difference between classification and phylogeny

A

Classification is the grouping of organisms based off their differences
Phylogeny is based on evolutionary history, studying the closeness of evolutionary relationships

20
Q

Assumptions of phylogenetic - example: amino acids

A

Organisms with similar sequences of amino acids or DNA are considered to be closely related and put in the same genus (taxonomic group)
The greater the difference in the amino acid sequence the longer ago the groups diverged

21
Q

What does a phylogenetic tree show

A

The relationships between organisms and common ancestors

22
Q

What is phylogenetic

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms It

23
Q

What does the closeness of the branches of the phylogenetic tree mean

A

The closer the branches the more closely related the organisms are

24
Q

How can classification use phylogeny

A

To conform that classification groups are correct, or that they need to be changed

25
Q

What are 2 advantages of phylogeny over classification

A
  1. Phylogeny allows the production of a continuous tree instead of placing organisms into discrete groups like classification
  2. Hierarchy’s nature of classification can be misleading
26
Q

How have scientists been able to classify organisms based on on their phylogeny

A

Advances in DNA, RNA and protein sequencing

27
Q

What are 3 reasons that scientists classify organisms?

A
  1. To identify species
  2. To predict characteristics
  3. To find evolutionary links
28
Q

What is one slight limitation of using a classification system

A

The classification is created by humans instead of being defined by nature

29
Q

What are some features of organisms from the Animalia kingdom?

A

Multicellular
True nucleus
No cell wall
Heterotrophic
No chlorophyll
Complex cell structure

30
Q

What are some features of organisms from the Plantae kingdom?

A

Multicellular
Cellulose cell wall
Autotrophic feeders using chlorophyll
Complex cell structure
True nucleus

31
Q

What are some features of organisms from the Fungi kingdom?

A

Multicellular
Chitin cell wall
Saprophytic feeders
No chlorophyll
Complex cell structure with nucleus

32
Q

What are some features of organisms from the Protocista kingdom?

A

Single called (exists as colonies)
Complex cell structure
Nucleus
Some have a cellulose cell wall
Heterotrophic and autotrophic

33
Q

What are some features of organisms from the Prokaryotes kingdom?

A

No true nucleus
Unicellular
Murein/peptidoglycan cell wall
Heterotrophic and autotrophic

34
Q

Examples of organisms in the Prokaryotes kingdom

A

Bacteria

35
Q

Examples of organisms in the Protocista kingdom

A

Algae
Slime moulds
Malaria
Plasmodium

36
Q

Examples of organisms in the Fungi kingdom

A

Moulds
Yeast
Mushrooms

37
Q

Examples of organisms in the Plantae kingdom

A

Mosses
Ferns

38
Q

Examples of organisms in the Animalia kingdom

A

Fish
Reptiles
Bird
Animals
Amphibians

39
Q

Features of eubacteria domain

A

Prokaryotic cell structure
Circular DNA
No membrane bound organelles
70s ribosomes
No true nucleus
5 proteins on RNA polymerase
Peptidoglycan cell wall
No cytoskeleton

40
Q

Features of the Archaea domain

A

Prokaryotic cell structure
Circular DNA
No membrane bound organelles
70s ribosomes
No nucleus
8-10 proteins in RNA polymerase
Some can grow at 100 degrees
No peptidoglycan cell wall
No cytoskeleton

41
Q

Features of the Eukarya domain

A

Eukaryotic cell structure
Linear DNA
Membrane bound organelles
80s ribosomes
12 proteins in RNA polymerase
Cannot grow at 100 degrees
Has a cytoskeleton
No peptidoglycan cell wall Heterotrophic

42
Q

state the meaning of the term phylogeny and explain how phylogeny is related to classification

A

phylogeny is evolutionary relationships between organisms
phylogeny is the study of the closeness of evolutionary relationships
phylogeny is the basis of modern classification
the closer the evolutionary or genetic relationship the closer the taxonomic groups

43
Q

Explain how biological molecules can provide evidence that species have evolved

A

Nucleus aicd/nuclear DNA - samples from two species sequences can Show similarities that can imply an evolutionary relationships
Difference/divergence in sequence implies evolutionary distance
Proteins/polypeptides - same protein from two species (their primary structure) can be sequences to show similarity or differences which implies evolutionary relation and differences in sequence implies evolutionary distance

Biology - 4.3 Classification And Evolution (1 decks)

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