4.3.1 Classification And Phlogeny Flashcards
define classification
The process of naming and organising organisms into groups based on their characteristics
What is the highest taxonomic rank
Domains
Define taxonomy
Arranging organisms into groups based on shared features - these is no overlap between each group can only belong to one group at each tax on
What are the 8 taxonomic ranks
Domains
Kingdoms
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What is the binomial naming system
When we use the genus and species to identify species
How do we use the binomial naming system
Established by Carl Linnaeus
Use italics
Genus = capital letter
Species = lowercase
What is the advantage of using the binomial naming system
Removes the language barrier
Using universal Latin names
Define species
A group of organisms that are able to reproduce fertile offspring
How many domains of life are there
3
What are the main differences between archaea and eubacteria
Archaea have no peptidoglycan in their cell wall
Different numbers of proteins in RNA polymerase
Archaea have a monolopid cell membrane. Eubacteria have a bilipid cell membrane
Eubacteria are found in all environments whereas archaea are found in extreme conditions (extremophiles)
What are the 5 kingdoms
Prokaryotes
Animalia
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
What are heterotroph organisms
An organism that cannot make its own food
Examples of heterotroph organisms
Animalia - all
Fungi - all
Protocista - some
Prokaryotes - some
What is an autotroph organism
An organism that can make its own food - via photosynthesis
Examples of autotrophic organisms
Plantae - all
Prokaryotes - some
Protocista - some
What is a saprotophic organism
An organism that secretes digestive enzymes onto food
Enzymes digest large molecules in food
(Hyphae) products of digesting absorb molecules into cells
What are examples of satrotophic organisms
Fungi
What is phylogeny
Phylogeny is the evolutionary relationships between organisms
It is the study of the closeness of evolutionary relationships
Phylogeny is the base of modern classification
The closer the evolutionary relationship the closer the taxonomic grouping
Difference between classification and phylogeny
Classification is the grouping of organisms based off their differences
Phylogeny is based on evolutionary history, studying the closeness of evolutionary relationships
Assumptions of phylogenetic - example: amino acids
Organisms with similar sequences of amino acids or DNA are considered to be closely related and put in the same genus (taxonomic group)
The greater the difference in the amino acid sequence the longer ago the groups diverged
What does a phylogenetic tree show
The relationships between organisms and common ancestors
What is phylogenetic
The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms It
What does the closeness of the branches of the phylogenetic tree mean
The closer the branches the more closely related the organisms are
How can classification use phylogeny
To conform that classification groups are correct, or that they need to be changed
What are 2 advantages of phylogeny over classification
- Phylogeny allows the production of a continuous tree instead of placing organisms into discrete groups like classification
- Hierarchy’s nature of classification can be misleading
How have scientists been able to classify organisms based on on their phylogeny
Advances in DNA, RNA and protein sequencing
What are 3 reasons that scientists classify organisms?
- To identify species
- To predict characteristics
- To find evolutionary links
What is one slight limitation of using a classification system
The classification is created by humans instead of being defined by nature
What are some features of organisms from the Animalia kingdom?
Multicellular
True nucleus
No cell wall
Heterotrophic
No chlorophyll
Complex cell structure
What are some features of organisms from the Plantae kingdom?
Multicellular
Cellulose cell wall
Autotrophic feeders using chlorophyll
Complex cell structure
True nucleus
What are some features of organisms from the Fungi kingdom?
Multicellular
Chitin cell wall
Saprophytic feeders
No chlorophyll
Complex cell structure with nucleus
What are some features of organisms from the Protocista kingdom?
Single called (exists as colonies)
Complex cell structure
Nucleus
Some have a cellulose cell wall
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
What are some features of organisms from the Prokaryotes kingdom?
No true nucleus
Unicellular
Murein/peptidoglycan cell wall
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Examples of organisms in the Prokaryotes kingdom
Bacteria
Examples of organisms in the Protocista kingdom
Algae
Slime moulds
Malaria
Plasmodium
Examples of organisms in the Fungi kingdom
Moulds
Yeast
Mushrooms
Examples of organisms in the Plantae kingdom
Mosses
Ferns
Examples of organisms in the Animalia kingdom
Fish
Reptiles
Bird
Animals
Amphibians
Features of eubacteria domain
Prokaryotic cell structure
Circular DNA
No membrane bound organelles
70s ribosomes
No true nucleus
5 proteins on RNA polymerase
Peptidoglycan cell wall
No cytoskeleton
Features of the Archaea domain
Prokaryotic cell structure
Circular DNA
No membrane bound organelles
70s ribosomes
No nucleus
8-10 proteins in RNA polymerase
Some can grow at 100 degrees
No peptidoglycan cell wall
No cytoskeleton
Features of the Eukarya domain
Eukaryotic cell structure
Linear DNA
Membrane bound organelles
80s ribosomes
12 proteins in RNA polymerase
Cannot grow at 100 degrees
Has a cytoskeleton
No peptidoglycan cell wall Heterotrophic
state the meaning of the term phylogeny and explain how phylogeny is related to classification
phylogeny is evolutionary relationships between organisms
phylogeny is the study of the closeness of evolutionary relationships
phylogeny is the basis of modern classification
the closer the evolutionary or genetic relationship the closer the taxonomic groups
Explain how biological molecules can provide evidence that species have evolved
Nucleus aicd/nuclear DNA - samples from two species sequences can Show similarities that can imply an evolutionary relationships
Difference/divergence in sequence implies evolutionary distance
Proteins/polypeptides - same protein from two species (their primary structure) can be sequences to show similarity or differences which implies evolutionary relation and differences in sequence implies evolutionary distance
