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year 10 biology terms > 4.3 infection and response > Flashcards

4.3 infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A mirco-organism that causes an infectious disease

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2
Q

Name the 4 types of microbe

A
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Protist
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3
Q

Why do pathogens make us feel ill?

A

It is because as bacteria reproduce, they produce toxins that harm our cells and make us feel ill.

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4
Q

Name 3 ways of the spread of disease.

A
  • dirty hands
  • through the eyes
  • close contact
  • physical touch
  • air droplets
  • raw food
  • open wound
  • inflected blood
    (name 3 from above)
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5
Q

Name 3 communicable diseases

A
  • covid
  • HIV
  • cold
  • flu
  • chicken pox
  • german measles
  • food poisoning
    (name 3 from above)
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6
Q

Name 3 non-communicable disease

A
  • diabetes
  • breast cancer
  • lung cancer
  • alcoholism
  • dementia
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7
Q

Name 1 disease caused by fungi

A
  • thrush
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8
Q

Name 1 disease caused by virus

A
  • covid
  • flu
    (name 1 from above)
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9
Q

Name 1 disease caused by bacteria

A
  • TB
  • food poisoning
    ( name 1 from above)
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10
Q

Which type of microbe is Measles sorted in?

A

Virus

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11
Q

Name 2 symptoms of Measles

A
  • high fever
  • red rash
  • cough
  • red-eyes
  • runny nose
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12
Q

Is the vaccine (for measles) effective or not?

A

Yes, it is effective. (97%)

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13
Q

What are the serious complication caused by measles?

A

permanent brain damage

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14
Q

What’s the difference between HIV and AIDS?

A

HIV is a virus that weakens your immune system. AIDS is a condition that can happen as a result of an HIV infection when your immune system is severely weakened.

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15
Q

Name 1 disease an AIDS patient’s immune system cannot fight off

A

candidiasis

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16
Q

Name 2 precautions to reduce the risk of contracting HIV

A
  • no sharing of needles
  • protected sex
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17
Q

What do you feel when you first infected HIV?

A

a short flu-like illness

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18
Q

Name a type of drug that can be used to treat HIV

A

Antiretroviral

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19
Q

How does salmonella spread?

A
  • contaminated food
  • come in contact with infected animals faeces
  • not preparing food properly
  • unwashed hands
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20
Q

Name the symptoms of salmonella

A
  • fever
  • stomach cramps
  • throwing up
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21
Q

What are the treatments for salmonella?

A
  • rest
  • take medications
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22
Q

What are the preventions for salmonella?

A
  • prevent raw meet
  • wash your hands
  • eat properly cooked food
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23
Q

How does gonorrhoea spread?

A
  • unprotected sex
  • spread from mother to child
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24
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A
  • discharge
  • a thick green or yellow discharge
  • pain when urinating
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25
Q

What are the treatments for gonorrhoea?

A
  • cocktail antibiotic
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26
Q

What are the preventions for gonorrhoea?

A
  • use condoms
  • be screened
27
Q

What causes Malaria?

A

It is caused by a single protist parasite called plasmodium

28
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A
  • high fever
  • chills
  • headache
29
Q

What are the preventions of malaria?

A
  • use insecticides to kill mosquitoes
  • preventing the vectors from breeding places for mosquitoes
  • remove standing water
30
Q

What is a controlled variable?

A

The variable that stays the same

31
Q

What is a independent variable?

A

The variable which you change.

32
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable which you measure

33
Q

Carbon + water = ? (Photosynthesis)

A

oxygen + glucose

34
Q

Which pathogen type is Rose black spot (RBS)?

A

Fungi

35
Q

Signs that the RBS is infected? Why?

A

It causes purple or black spots which means it has a lack of chlorophyll)

36
Q

How does RBS infect photosynthesis?

A

There is a less area to absorb the light which causes less glucose.

37
Q

How does RBS spread?

A

Through rainwater and wind

38
Q

How do gardeners prevent the spread of RBS?

A
  • removing and burning affected leaves and stems
39
Q

Which pathogen type is Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

A

Virus

40
Q

Signs that the TMV is infected? Why?

A

It causes a distinctive ‘mosaic’ pattern of discoloration on the leaves

41
Q

How does TMV infect photosynthesis?

A

The affected areas of the leaf do not photosynthesis as TMV can seriously reduce the yield of a crop.

41
Q

How does TMV spread?

A

It is spread by contact between diseased plant and insects that can act as vectors.

42
Q

How do gardeners prevent the spread of TMV?

A

good fielding and farming hygiene

43
Q

Where does the microbe enter?

A
  • eyes
  • mouth
  • nose
44
Q

Explain how the trachea is adapted to reduce the entry of live pathogens.

A

The mouth has mucus to trap pathogen while the cilia moves the mucus out of the trachea.

45
Q

What are the 3 ways white blood cells deal with pathogen?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Antitoxins
  • Antibodies
46
Q

What happens when you’re immune?

A
  • more antibodies are made
  • antibodies made more quickly
  • antibodies number remain high
47
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

It is a dead or weakened part of the pathogen that does not make us ill.

48
Q

How does vaccine works?

A

We get vaccinated and antibodies are made to destroy pathogens and we get immunised.

49
Q

Explain how a population of a antibiotic resistant bacteria might develop from non resistant bacteria

A

The bacteria mutates. After adding the antibiotics, the non-resistant bacteria dies whilst the resistant bacteria survives. The resistant bacteria reproduces quickly and the new mutated population develops.

50
Q

Why can’t antibiotics kill the viruses?

A

It is because they will damage your cells, we take pain killers instead.

51
Q

Name three ways that pathogens can spread.

A

By air: cold and flu
By direct contact: malaria, HIV and STDs
By water: cholera and salmonella

52
Q

What does herd immunity mean?

A

When vaccination of a significant proportion of the population provides protection for individuals who haven’t got immunity.

53
Q

What are the advantages of vaccinations?

A
  • helps to control communicable diseases that used to be very common
  • they don’t always work
54
Q

What are the 3 types of drugs that are produced by plants that can be used to treat human diseases or help with symptoms

A
  • aspirin (willow trees)
  • digitalis (foxglove flowers)
  • penicillin (mould)
55
Q

What is a good drug/medicine?

A
  • effective
  • safe
  • easy to carry and take
56
Q

How does Phagocytosis destroy the pathogen?

A

The wbc engulfs the pathogen, digesting and destroying it

57
Q

How does Antitoxins destroy the pathogen?

A

Neutralise toxins produce antibodies to kill

58
Q

How does Antibodies destroy the pathogen?

A

Lock onto specific antigens (proteins on the surface of pathogens) destroying the pathogen

59
Q

Explain the first stage in a drug development (Preclinical)

A

Drug tested on animals and human cells and tissues, looking for toxicity and effectiveness

60
Q

Explain the second stage in a drug development (Clinical)

A

Small doses of the drug tested on healthy volunteers to look for side effects, effectiveness and toxicity. Then tested on patients to find the ‘optimum (correct) dose’ (amount).

61
Q

Explain the last stage in a drug development (Peer review)

A

Tested by other scientists/doctors to make sure the person isn’t lying or has a bias.

62
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Any treatment that has no active properties (knows as dummy drug/sugar pills)

year 10 biology terms (1 decks)

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