4.3 infection and response Flashcards
What is a pathogen?
A mirco-organism that causes an infectious disease
Name the 4 types of microbe
- Bacteria
- Virus
- Fungi
- Protist
Why do pathogens make us feel ill?
It is because as bacteria reproduce, they produce toxins that harm our cells and make us feel ill.
Name 3 ways of the spread of disease.
- dirty hands
- through the eyes
- close contact
- physical touch
- air droplets
- raw food
- open wound
- inflected blood
(name 3 from above)
Name 3 communicable diseases
- covid
- HIV
- cold
- flu
- chicken pox
- german measles
- food poisoning
(name 3 from above)
Name 3 non-communicable disease
- diabetes
- breast cancer
- lung cancer
- alcoholism
- dementia
Name 1 disease caused by fungi
- thrush
Name 1 disease caused by virus
- covid
- flu
(name 1 from above)
Name 1 disease caused by bacteria
- TB
- food poisoning
( name 1 from above)
Which type of microbe is Measles sorted in?
Virus
Name 2 symptoms of Measles
- high fever
- red rash
- cough
- red-eyes
- runny nose
Is the vaccine (for measles) effective or not?
Yes, it is effective. (97%)
What are the serious complication caused by measles?
permanent brain damage
What’s the difference between HIV and AIDS?
HIV is a virus that weakens your immune system. AIDS is a condition that can happen as a result of an HIV infection when your immune system is severely weakened.
Name 1 disease an AIDS patient’s immune system cannot fight off
candidiasis
Name 2 precautions to reduce the risk of contracting HIV
- no sharing of needles
- protected sex
What do you feel when you first infected HIV?
a short flu-like illness
Name a type of drug that can be used to treat HIV
Antiretroviral
How does salmonella spread?
- contaminated food
- come in contact with infected animals faeces
- not preparing food properly
- unwashed hands
Name the symptoms of salmonella
- fever
- stomach cramps
- throwing up
What are the treatments for salmonella?
- rest
- take medications
What are the preventions for salmonella?
- prevent raw meet
- wash your hands
- eat properly cooked food
How does gonorrhoea spread?
- unprotected sex
- spread from mother to child
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?
- discharge
- a thick green or yellow discharge
- pain when urinating
What are the treatments for gonorrhoea?
- cocktail antibiotic
What are the preventions for gonorrhoea?
- use condoms
- be screened
What causes Malaria?
It is caused by a single protist parasite called plasmodium
What are the symptoms of malaria?
- high fever
- chills
- headache
What are the preventions of malaria?
- use insecticides to kill mosquitoes
- preventing the vectors from breeding places for mosquitoes
- remove standing water
What is a controlled variable?
The variable that stays the same
What is a independent variable?
The variable which you change.
What is a dependent variable?
The variable which you measure
Carbon + water = ? (Photosynthesis)
oxygen + glucose
Which pathogen type is Rose black spot (RBS)?
Fungi
Signs that the RBS is infected? Why?
It causes purple or black spots which means it has a lack of chlorophyll)
How does RBS infect photosynthesis?
There is a less area to absorb the light which causes less glucose.
How does RBS spread?
Through rainwater and wind
How do gardeners prevent the spread of RBS?
- removing and burning affected leaves and stems
Which pathogen type is Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?
Virus
Signs that the TMV is infected? Why?
It causes a distinctive ‘mosaic’ pattern of discoloration on the leaves
How does TMV infect photosynthesis?
The affected areas of the leaf do not photosynthesis as TMV can seriously reduce the yield of a crop.
How does TMV spread?
It is spread by contact between diseased plant and insects that can act as vectors.
How do gardeners prevent the spread of TMV?
good fielding and farming hygiene
Where does the microbe enter?
- eyes
- mouth
- nose
Explain how the trachea is adapted to reduce the entry of live pathogens.
The mouth has mucus to trap pathogen while the cilia moves the mucus out of the trachea.
What are the 3 ways white blood cells deal with pathogen?
- Phagocytosis
- Antitoxins
- Antibodies
What happens when you’re immune?
- more antibodies are made
- antibodies made more quickly
- antibodies number remain high
What is a vaccine?
It is a dead or weakened part of the pathogen that does not make us ill.
How does vaccine works?
We get vaccinated and antibodies are made to destroy pathogens and we get immunised.
Explain how a population of a antibiotic resistant bacteria might develop from non resistant bacteria
The bacteria mutates. After adding the antibiotics, the non-resistant bacteria dies whilst the resistant bacteria survives. The resistant bacteria reproduces quickly and the new mutated population develops.
Why can’t antibiotics kill the viruses?
It is because they will damage your cells, we take pain killers instead.
Name three ways that pathogens can spread.
By air: cold and flu
By direct contact: malaria, HIV and STDs
By water: cholera and salmonella
What does herd immunity mean?
When vaccination of a significant proportion of the population provides protection for individuals who haven’t got immunity.
What are the advantages of vaccinations?
- helps to control communicable diseases that used to be very common
- they don’t always work
What are the 3 types of drugs that are produced by plants that can be used to treat human diseases or help with symptoms
- aspirin (willow trees)
- digitalis (foxglove flowers)
- penicillin (mould)
What is a good drug/medicine?
- effective
- safe
- easy to carry and take
How does Phagocytosis destroy the pathogen?
The wbc engulfs the pathogen, digesting and destroying it
How does Antitoxins destroy the pathogen?
Neutralise toxins produce antibodies to kill
How does Antibodies destroy the pathogen?
Lock onto specific antigens (proteins on the surface of pathogens) destroying the pathogen
Explain the first stage in a drug development (Preclinical)
Drug tested on animals and human cells and tissues, looking for toxicity and effectiveness
Explain the second stage in a drug development (Clinical)
Small doses of the drug tested on healthy volunteers to look for side effects, effectiveness and toxicity. Then tested on patients to find the ‘optimum (correct) dose’ (amount).
Explain the last stage in a drug development (Peer review)
Tested by other scientists/doctors to make sure the person isn’t lying or has a bias.
What is a placebo?
Any treatment that has no active properties (knows as dummy drug/sugar pills)
