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VET 415 > 43. Hollow Organs > Flashcards

43. Hollow Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Hollow organ

A

organ with a tube, pouch, or cavity

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2
Q

Lumen

A

the channel within a tube or the cavity within an organ

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3
Q

Ostium

A

opening into a tube

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4
Q

Perforation

A

a hole or opening in an organ, usually considered a negative outcome (e.g. stomach perforation)

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5
Q

Imperforate

A

lack of an opening where there should be (e.g. imperforate anus in a puppy or kitten)

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6
Q

Atresia

A

abnormal closure or absence of an orifice or passage, often refers to a luminal structure constricted to the point of preventing flow

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7
Q

-otomy

A

to cut or make an incision into (e.g. cystotomy - to cut into the bladder), incision closed when procedure is finished

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8
Q

-ostomy

A

surgically creating a new opening that will remain open (e.g. tracheotomy - creating an opening between the trachea and the skin)

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9
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical removal (e.g. hysterectomy - removal of the uterus), can be complete or partial

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10
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation (e.g. gastropexy - suturing the stomach to the body wall to prevent GDV)

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11
Q

What are the abdominal hollow organs?

A
  • stomach
  • small intestines
  • large intestines
  • gallbladder
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • reproductive tract
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12
Q

What are the thoracic hollow organs?

A
  • heart
  • esophagus
  • trachea
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13
Q

What are 3 diagnostic techniques useful for evaluating hollow organs?

A
  • radiography
  • fluoroscopy (real-time radiography with contrast)
  • endoscopy
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14
Q

What are we looking for when we use contrast to evaluate a hollow organ?

A
  • leakage
  • obstructions/strictures
  • assess diameter/size
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15
Q

What are some samples we typically collect to evaluate hollow organs?

A
  • routine: cystocentesis
  • routine (but requires sedation): tracheal wash, transtracheal wash, bronchoalveolar lavage
  • not routine by possible: cholecystocentesis, nephrocentesis
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16
Q

What types of endoscopy can we perform?

A
  • esophagoscopy
  • gastroscopy
  • duodenoscopy
  • colonoscopy
  • tracheoscopy/bronchoscopy
  • cystourethroscopy
17
Q

Halsted’s Principles of Surgery

A
  • gentle tissue handling
  • accurate hemostasis
  • sharp anatomic dissection of tissues
  • strict asepsis
  • no tension on tissues
  • appropriate use of instruments and materials
  • obliteration of dead space
18
Q

What are the 4 major tissue layers found in most hollow organs?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
19
Q

Suture pattern considerations

A
  • appositional - use for small lumen diameter (smaller-sized animals, avoids further narrowing)
  • inverting - more suture security, especially when lumen diameter not a concern (larger-sized animals, stomach)
  • everting - not often used for bowel surgery

*MUST BE LEAK-PROOF

20
Q

What are 3 types of inverting suture patterns?

A
  • Lembert
  • Connell (inside lumen)
  • Cushing (outside lumen)
21
Q

What are 4 basic surgical principles of gastrotomy?

A
  • stay sutures
  • laparotomy sponges
  • intraperitoneal irrigation
  • clean/dirty instrumentation
22
Q

What are 2 indications for gastrotomy?

A
  • foreign body removal

- gastric biopsy

23
Q

Gastrotomy closure

A

closure in 2 layers:

  • mucosa and submucosa (simple interrupted or simple continuous)
  • muscularis and serosa (inverting pattern - Lembert, Connell, or Cushing)

*SUBMUCOSA = HOLDING LAYER

24
Q

What are 3 basic surgical principles of enterotomy?

A
  • delicate tissue handling
  • respect the blood supply
  • protect against leakage of intestinal contents
25
Q

What are 2 indications for enterotomy?

A
  • foreign body removal

- intestinal biopsy

26
Q

Enterotomy technique

A
  • milk contents orad and aborad from incision site (reduce potential for contamination)
  • incise with #11 blade (sharp and small)
  • extend incision with blade or scissors
27
Q

Enterotomy closure

A
  • one or two layers
  • consider transverse closure in cases with small lumens

*SUBMUCOSA = HOLDING LAYER

28
Q

What are 4 indications for intestinal resection and anastomosis?

A
  • foreign body with significant intestinal compromise
  • intestinal trauma
  • intestinal neoplasia
  • intussusception
29
Q

Intestinal resection and anastomosis technique

A
  • ligate blood vessels
  • incise mesentery
  • milk contents orad and aborad
  • incise intestine (use forceps or fingers to obstruct intestinal lumen)
  • suture cut intestinal ends (may need to address luminal disparity)
30
Q

What are 4 indications for cystotomy?

A
  • stone removal
  • tumor removal / cystectomy
  • bladder biopsy
  • foreign body retrieval
31
Q

What are 3 basic surgical principles of cystotomy?

A
  • stay sutures
  • laparotomy sponges
  • prevent urine leakage

*always finish with a retrograde flush

32
Q

Cystotomy closure

A
  • one or two layers
  • simple continuous or simple interrupted
  • absorbable suture (e.g. PDS or monocryl)

VET 415 (4 decks)

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