4.3 - factors affecting growth and development Flashcards
what are the three components of the Human development index and how are they measured
- health (measured by life expectancy at birth)
- education (measured by the mean years of schooling of adults aged 25+ and the
expected years of schooling of a current 5-year-old over their lives) - income measured by real GNI per capita at purchasing power parity)
how are the components of the human development index combined
Each of the three indicators is given equal weighting and a mean is taken to give a figure
between 0 and 1. The higher the number, the greater the level of development.
what are the advantages of using the HDI to measure development over time
- it takes into account 3 different factors which are important for development of a country
- it is relatively easy to calculate because governments tend to collect the statistics used in the data
what are the limitations of using the HDI to measure development over time
- health doesnt factor in the quality of life
- education doesnt factor in the the quality and success of education
- there are no considerations for the equality of income
- it is only an indicator and not a precise measure, so it should not be expected to be perfect.
name and explain three other measures of development
- the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) - it adjusts measures for education, health and income according to the level of inequality.
- The Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) - it measures the percentage of the population that is multidimensional poor. it uses data for health, education and standard of living but uses a broader range of indicators within these categories.
- The Genuine Progress Indicator - It is calculated from 26 different indicators grouped into three main categories:
economic, environmental and social . It aims to look at economic sustainability, to ensure development does not limit the amount produced and consumed in the future.
what is the difference between economic growth and economic development
economic growth is measured purely by real GDP and the productive potential of the
country, economic development is about improvements in living standards.
what is meant by a primary product dependency
an economy that relies solely on the exporting of commodities such as agriculture, mining etc.
how can a primary product dependency act as a constraint on development
prices of primary products tends to be volatile which means investment and GDP is volatile. also the terms of trade for primary products tends to fall over time meaning that more exports will need to be sold to buy the same amount of imports
why do prices of primary products tend to be volatile
This is because of supply and demand shocks which are prevalent in these markets – for example weather events and conflicts can cause supply shocks. In addition, supply and demand tends to be inelastic, so it takes time for consumers and producers to respond to the change in price. This is because there are few substitutes for the primary products, and it takes times to plant new crops, or rear animals, and find new sources of mining resources so supply cannot respond quickly
what is the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis and what does it tell you about countries with a primary product dependency
it suggests the long run price of primary goods declines in proportion to manufactured goods, which means those dependent on primary exports will see a fall in their terms of trade .
how can the Prebisch-singer hypothesis act as a constraint on development
Because it means that exporters of primary products may see a fall in their bargaining power, and will have to give up more output/primary goods, for the same amount of manufactured goods. This effectively makes them poorer
what is meant by a savings gap
the difference between actual savingsand the level of savings needed to achieve a higher growth rate.
What is the Harrod-Domar development theory?
economic growth depends on the level of national savings and the productivity of capital investment (the capital output ratio).
rate of growth of GDP = savings ratio/capital output ratio.
How do savings act as a constraint on development?
without investment, growth is limited in the productive potential of an economy. Investment can create jobs and prosperity, and by doing this generate tax revenue and public spending on services and infrastructure, so can influence all elements of the HDI
what is meant by a foreign currency gap
This is when the country is not earning enough foreign currency from exports to buy imports of capital and other products it would need to develop.
how does the foreign currency gap act as a constraint on development
as firms may need to import goods such as computers, or components in order to expand their business, but as they do not make these goods domestically, they would need to import them. Without access to foreign currency they are unable to purchase the imports they need to grow.
what is meant by capital flight
Large amounts of money are taken out of the country , rather than being left there
for people to borrow and invest.
how can capital flight act as a constraint on development
This is a constraint as it represents a withdrawal from the circular flow of income, and therefore decreased AD with multiplier effects. This makes it very difficult for the economy to grow and develop
what demographic factors can affect the rate at which a country can grow and develop
- high population growth
- ageing population
- increase in life expectancy
how can each lf these demographic factors affect the rate at which a country grows and develops
A high fertility rate will act as a constraint in the short run, as having a high dependency ratio puts pressure on an economies ability to provide public services such as hospitals and schools, and means that output from the working population must be shared between a much larger population.
However, as these people enter the work force it can increase productive potential as long as there are jobs for them to go to.
An ageing population can have the same effect in the short run with pressure to pay state pensions, and falling growth due to a smaller active population.
An increase in life expectancy can have the opposite effect if it means that the retirement age increases – but if not, it can make the pressure of an ageing population worse as pensions have to be paid for longer and people are inactive for a greater proportion of their lives
how can external debt act as a constraint on development
External debt is when the government of a country has taken loans from institutions such as the World Bank or International Monetary Fund. This means that they must pay back the debt with interest, and the interest payments can take a large proportion of tax revenue, leaving little fiscal space for spending on public services and supply side policies.money is flowing from developing to developed countries, meaning they have less money to spend on services for their population and
they may need to raise taxes, which limits growth and development
how can lack of access to credit and banking act as a constraint on development
Developing countries have limited access to credit and banking compared to developed countries, who have complex systems. This means those in developing
countries cannot access funds for investment and they struggle to save for the future.
how can poor infrastructure act as a constraint on development
Low levels of infrastructure make it hard for businesses to trade and set up within
the country, for example if there are a lack of roads. It makes their services and
production less reliable.the development of infrastructure can be expensive and tends to conflict with environmental goals.
how can poor education and skills act as a constraint on development
Poor education leads to a fall in the quality of human capital, and this means low productivity. This means that wages are likely to be low, and therefore real GDP/capita will be low leading to poor growth and development. It may also deter FDI, as oversea firms are looking for good value access to workers and other resources in order maintain their profitability. It may mean that technology adoption is slow, and industrialisation may not happen as this requires more skilled workers