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Biology🧬🪼 > 4.3) Classification & Evolution > Flashcards

4.3) Classification & Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 domains?

A

1) bacteria
2) archaea
3) eukarya

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2
Q

what does the bacteria domain consists of ?

A

unicellular prokaryotic bacteria

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3
Q

what does the archaea domain consist of?

A

-unicellular prokaryotic organisms
-closer to eukaryotes

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4
Q

what does the eukarya domain consist of?

A

unicellular + multicellular eukaryote organisms

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5
Q

how many kingdoms are there?

A

5

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6
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms?

A

1) animalia
2) plantae
3) fungi
4) protoctista
5) prokaryota

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7
Q

what are some characteristics of the kingdom animalia?

A

-multicellular eukaryotic
-cells differentiate
-no cell wall
-heterotrophs
-communication = nervous system + chemical signalling

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8
Q

what are some characteristics of the kingdom plantae?

A

-multicellular eukaryotic
-cell wall
-vacuoles
-specialised cells
-chloroplasts = photosynthesis
-autotrophs

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9
Q

what are some characteristics of the kingdom fungi?

A

-eukaryotic
-chitin cell walls
-heterotrophs
-reproduce using spores

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10
Q

what are some characteristics of the kingdom protoctista?

A

-eukaryotic
-BOTH single cell + group of similar cell
-no cell wall

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11
Q

what are some characteristics of the kingdom prokaryotae?

A

-bacteria
-unicellular
-cell walls
-cytoplasm
-NO nucleus + mitochondria
-divide by binary fission
-can be both heterotrophic + autotrophic

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12
Q

why is fungi an autotroph?

A

-digest dead or decaying matter extracellularly

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13
Q

define autotroph

A

make their own nutrients = light + chemical energy

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14
Q

define heterotroph

A

cannot make their own organic mol.

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15
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

practice of biological classification

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16
Q

species are arranged into groups based on …

A

-evolutionary origins
-relationships

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17
Q

what is taxon?

A

group

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18
Q

what is the hierarchical classification system used for?

A

group similar organism together so they can be easily understood

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19
Q

how many groups are there in the classification system?

A

8

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20
Q

what are the groups in the classification system?

A

-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

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21
Q

define phylogeny

A

study of evolutionary relationships between orgnisms

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22
Q

what are some characteristics of the classification system?

A

-higher groups have more organisms
-organism lower down = more closely related

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23
Q

define classification

A

how organisms are arranged into different groups (taxonomic groups)

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24
Q

define species

A

2 individuals that can successfully mate with each other + produce fertile offspring. individuals in the same species tend to have similar physical appearance , anatomy, genetics, phylogeny + physiology

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25
Q

what was Charles Darwin’s theory?

A

theory of evolution

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26
Q

what were some of Darwin’s observations?

A

-not all offspring survive
-populations of the same species show variation = INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION
-offspring inherit characteristics from their parents

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27
Q

what are the evidence to support the theory of evolution/

A

1) fossil evidence
2) molecular evidence

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28
Q

what has fossil evidence provided us about the theory of evolution?

A

-showed that environments have changed significantly over millions of years
-fossils can be dated + put in a sequence = show how an organism changed through time
-shows similarities between extinct species
-provided evidence for gradual change

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29
Q

what are some molecular evidence that supports the theory of evolution?

A

-DNA can be sequenced = show evolutionary relationships + how genetic code has changed as they evolved
-differences in nucleotide sequence shows:
– more similar = more closely related
– very similar DNA = separated more recently
-create phylogenetic trees

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30
Q

what does variation mean?

A

differences between 2 or more things

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31
Q

what are the 2 types of variation that an organism can show?

A

1) genetic variation
2) phenotypic variation

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32
Q

what is genetic variation?

A

variation in the genotypes between species or within a species

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33
Q

what is phenotypic variation?

A

variation in phenotypes between species or within a species

34
Q

what is INTERspecific variation?

A

variation between species

35
Q

what is INTRAspecific variation ?

A

variation within species

36
Q

why is interspecific variation useful?

A

identifying + classifying different species

37
Q

what is discontinuous variation?

A

-QUALITATIVE differences
-discrete + distinguishable categories
-no intermediates
(e.g blood group)

38
Q

what is continuous variation?

A

-QUANTITATIVE differences
-no distinct categories
-range of values

39
Q

what are some causes of variation?

A

-genetic factors
-environmental factors
-combo of both

40
Q

what are some causes of discontinuos variation?

A

-only due to genetic factors
-phenotype = genotype
-different genes have different effects

41
Q

what are the causes of continuous variation?

A

-interaction between genetics + environment
-phenotype = genotype + environment
-different alleles have small effect
different genes can have the same effect –> can add together to have an ADDITIVE effect

42
Q

what are the environmental factors that can cause continuous variation?

A

-changes in sunlight, supply of nutrients, availability of water, temp, oxygen levels can affect how organism grow + develop
-variation caused by the environment CANNOT be inherited

43
Q

define mean

A

average

44
Q

what is the equation for mean?

A

sum of all measurements ÷ number of measurements

45
Q

what is the symbol for mean in calculations ?

A

X̄

46
Q

what does standard deviation measure?

A

spread of data over a mean value

47
Q

what is the formula for standard deviation?

A

(∑(x−¯x)^2
√ ——————-
n

48
Q

what is the t-test used for?

A

compare the means of 2 data, to see whether they are significantly different or not

49
Q

what is a null hypothesis?

A

a statement which expect for their to be no significant difference

50
Q

when can the null hypothesis be rejected?

A

when there is a statistically significant difference

51
Q

what are the steps to the t-test?

A

1) calculate mean for both data sets
2) calculate SD
3) square SD and ÷ by n
4) add step 3 values together and then square root
5)divide the mean difference by step 4
6) calculate degrees of freedom = (n1-1) + (n2-1)

52
Q

how can you tell if something is statistically significant?

A

t value greater than critical value = null hypothesis rejected

53
Q

when can the null hypothesis be rejected during a t-test?

A

t value less than critical value

54
Q

what does SPearman’s rank correlation show?

A

whether there is a correlation between 2 variables that don’t show normal distribution

55
Q

what is the equation for Spearman Rank correlation?

A

𝑟 = 1−6∑𝑑^2
—————–
𝑛(𝑛^2−1)

56
Q

what is selection pressure?

A

environmental factors that affect the chance of survival of an organism

57
Q

define adaptations

A

features that make an organism better suited for its environment + then can survive + reproduce

58
Q

what are the 3 types of adaptations?

A

1) anatomical
2) physiological
3) behavioural

59
Q

what are anatomical adaptations?

A

structural or physical features

60
Q

what are physiological adaptations?

A

biological processes within the organism

61
Q

what are behavioural adaptations?

A

the way an organism behaves

62
Q

define evolution

A

change in adaptive features of a population over time as a result of natural selection

63
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

when species that do not share a common ancestor + live in different parts of the world = show very high levels of similarity between adaptations

64
Q

what is an example of convergent evolution?

A

marsupial mole + European mole

65
Q

how are marsupial moles + European molesan example of convergent evolution?

A

-both burrow through soil
-short + powerful limbs
-no external ears
-limited eyesight
-very similar, highly silky fur

66
Q

what is genetic variation ?

A

differences in DNA base sequences between individual organisms within a species

67
Q

what is the genetic variation between organisms of the same species?

A

-similar genomes
-differences between DNA base sequence

68
Q

what are some effects of genetic variation?

A

-natural selection
-differences in phenotypes
-increases the chance for those with more specific phenotypes of surviving –> pass alleles onto offspring
-higher adaptations = better suited environment for environment

69
Q

what is an advantage of having a large gene pool ?

A

strong ability to adapt to change

70
Q

what is a disadvantage of having a small gene pool?

A

-very low genetic diversity
-less adaptable to change
-vulnerable to extinction

71
Q

why do environmental factors act as a selection pressure?

A

affect the chance of survival

72
Q

what are the main processes during natural selection?

A

-random mutations produce new alleles
-new alleles = increases chance of survival + reproductive success
-passed onto next generation
-new allele will increase in frequency

73
Q

what is an antibiotic?

A

chemical substances that inhibit / kill bacteria cells

74
Q

how do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

-mutations within bacteria population on resistance
-antibiotic = resistant bacteria don’t die
-less competition from the non- resistant bacteria
-reproduce = genes for resistant bacteria are passed on
-whole population become resistant

75
Q

what is a pesticide?

A

chemical that kill pests of any kind

76
Q

what are the various types of pesticides?

A

-insecticides
-herbicides
-fungicides
-molluscicides
-rodenticides

77
Q

what are pesticides used for?

A

-control the pest that consume or damage human food crops
-kill insects that vectors of disease

78
Q

what is a selective agent?

A

-environmental factor that influences the chance of survival of particular species
-drives natural selection

79
Q

what are some consequences of antibiotic resistance?

A

-overuse of antibiotics = exert selective pressure on the bacteria = help evolution of resistance
-some bacteria can be resistant to multiple antibiotics
-common antibiotics are becoming less effective = overuse of antibiotics when not necessary + large scale use of antibiotics –> increase resistance

80
Q

how can we reduce antibiotic impact?

A

-avoid overuse of antibiotics
not being used in non-serious infections
-finishing the entire course
-not being used of viral infections
-only used antibiotics that are highly specific to the infection

81
Q

how can the spread of already resistant strains be limited?

A

-good hygiene practices
-isolating infected patients

82
Q

what are some consequences of pesticide resistance?

A

-problem for the security of future food supplies
-used sparingly or rotation
-using combination of pesticide can delay the spread of resistance
-use biological control
-using selectively bred or genetically modified pest resistant

Biology🧬🪼 (9 decks)

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