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Biology retrieval > 4.3 classification > Flashcards

4.3 classification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

The act of arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences.

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2
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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3
Q

What is the order of the taxonomic groups?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Keep Pizza Close Or Freddie Gets Sad

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4
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Prokaryotae, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

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5
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

A study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms. The phylogenic tree shows how all organisms have evolved from a common ancestor.

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6
Q

What do we use to classify organisms?

A

Molecular - similarities in protein and dna, Embryological - early stages of development, Anatomical - structure and function of body,

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7
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Two totally different species developing similar traits. Eg porcupine & cactus

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8
Q

What does cytochrome c show?

A

It is used in respiration, but is different in all organisms. If the sequences are the same, the two species are closely related. The more differences, the less closely related the two species are.

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

A

Small loop of dna, no organelles, peptidoglycan cell wall, 70S ribsosomes. Some tolerate heat or decay conditions.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of archaea?

A

Lives in extremes of heat, pressure, saltiness and decay. Small loop of dna, no organelles, unique cell wall, 70S ribosomes.

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11
Q

What are the types of variation?

A

Intraspecific - within a species, Interspecific - between species

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12
Q

How do genetic factors cause variation?

A

Individuals of the same species have the same gene but different alleles. These make up its genotype. You inherit your genes from your parents. (Eg blood type)

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13
Q

How do environmental factors cause variation?

A

Differences in the environment cause variation. Characteristics controlled by environmental factors change over an organisms life (eg accents)

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14
Q

What is an example of both a genetic and an environmental factor that varies?

A

Height - genes determine how tall you grow but as does diet.

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15
Q

What is an adaption?

A

When an organism has features that increases its chances of survival and reproduction.

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16
Q

What is an example of a behavioural adaption?

A

When an organisms changes how it acts to increase chances of survival. Eg, Possums ‘play dead’ when there’s a predator.

17
Q

What is an example of physiological adaptations?

A

Processes inside an organism that increases rate of survival. Eg, brown bears hibernate over winter to conserve energy.

18
Q

What is an example of anatomical adaptions?

A

Structural features the increase chances of survival. Eg, otters are streamlined so they can glide through the water and whales have a layer of blubber to keep them warm.

19
Q

What did Darwin observe about the world around him?

A

1) organisms produces more offspring than survive, 2) there’s variation in the characteristics of members of the same species, 3) characteristics can be passed down from one generation to the next, 4) individuals that are best adapted are more likely to survive.

20
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

Individuals show variation in their phenotypes. Selection pressures create a struggle for survival. Those who are best adapted survive and pass on these adaptions to their offspring

21
Q

How do fossil records provide evidence for evolution?

A

By arranging fossils in chronological order, gradual changes in organisms can be observed that provide evidence of evolution.

22
Q

How does DNA evidence support evolution?

A

Evolution is caused by gradual changes in the base sequence of an organisms DNA. Organisms that diverged away from each other more recently have more similar dna

23
Q

How does molecular evidence support evolution?

A

The similarities in other molecules provide evidence. You can compare sequence of amino acids in proteins and compare antibodies. The more similar, the more closely related they are.

24
Q

How does the evolution of pesticide resistance affect humans?

A

Insects that are pesticide resistant can kill crops and carry and spread disease.

25
Q

How does the evolution of drug resistance affect humans?

A

Pathogens have evolved resistance to specific drugs so infections are harder to treat.

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