4.3, 4.4, 4.5

Question 1

How are spits formed

Answer 1

Longshore drift brings sediment eroded from rock nearby along the shore and resides against a rocky feature, building on itself as more sediment is deposited beside it.

Question 2

Why do some coastlines have beaches and headlands

Answer 2

Different layers of rock along a discordant rock line.

Question 3

How is sediment transported

Answer 3

Suspension, bouncing along the seabed, and saltation.

Question 4

What is a concordant coastline

Answer 4

A coastline where the different types of rock run at a 90 degree angle to the ocean and erode at different rates allowing for beaches and headlands to form.

Question 5

What is a concordant coastline?

Answer 5

A coastline which only has one layer of rock exposed to the ocean which means cliffs are usually formed in these cosatlines.

Question 6

How ar bays formed?

Answer 6

When a concordant coastline has a thin layer of soft rock exposed, it erodes deeper into it until a bay is formed, leaving outer hard rock around itself.

Question 7

Main difference between a discordant and concordant coastlines

Answer 7

A concordant headland has cliffs and bays whilst a discordant coastline has usually headlands and beaches

Question 8

How can humans stop longshore drift

Answer 8

Groynes

Question 9

How do groynes prevent longshore drift?

Answer 9

They stop the sediment travelling across the beach by trapping it at a point, where the groin is.

Question 10

Why do we want to stop longshore drift in some cases?

Answer 10

When certain natural features like beaches are wanted to be preserved, groynes are used to stop longshore drift and all the sand moving elsewhere via longshore drift.

Question 11

Indirect human effects on natural landscapes

Answer 11

Housing
Use of ports and harbours constantly widening the mouth if the ports
Large buildings and renovation.

Question 12

Different ways of erosion

Answer 12

Abrasion, hydraulic action, freeze thaw weathering.

Question 13

What wave has a stronger swash than backwash and what does this cause?

Answer 13

Constructive wave, this deposits sediment more then it takes sediment from the beach.

Question 14

What wave takes sediment from the beach and backwash is more powerful than its swash?

Answer 14

Destructive wave

Question 15

How is a arch formed?

Answer 15

• headland has a fault
• fault erodes through freeze thaw, hydraulic action or abrasion.
• erosion causes the fault to increase in size.
• once the base has been eroded enough, the rock above isnt supported so it crumbles leaving a arch.

Question 16

What three factors effect wave energy

Answer 16

Wind, tide and how clear the path of the wave is.

Question 17

Destructive wave

Answer 17

Stronger backwash than swash

Question 18

Constructive wave

Answer 18

Stronger swash than backwash

Question 19

Biological weathering

Answer 19

When plants or living things affect the stability of the cliff by either cracking it or eroding it

Question 20

Freeze thaw weathering

Answer 20

When water fills a fault and freezes, it enlarges the fault and re fills and the process carries on

Question 21

Chemical weathering

Answer 21

When the sea which is in contact with the cliff has a slight
Y different ph level to normal possibly because of rain with higher acidity which erodes and then takes the sediment away.

Question 22

A spit

Answer 22

Looks like a piece of land, thin stick like extra structure joining on to a coastline.

Question 23

Building groynes

Answer 23

Stops LSD from happening which means sediment is deprived in areas further down the coastline than the groynes. This effects the process of LSD.

Question 24

How does industry affect the coastline

Answer 24

Different areas of coast are protected more than others meaning certain places are protected over others based on how influential they are on the local economy.

Question 25

How does development affect the coastline.

Answer 25

It doesn't look natural and takes away the natural features of the coastline.

Question 26

Why is sea level rising

Answer 26

Because climate change is causing ice to melt and consequently meaning the ice turns to water raising the level of water in the ocean.

Question 27

Sea level rising

Answer 27

Will affect - low lying areas - areas near coastlines - increasing erosion. - many homes will be submerged and tourism points like the Maldives will be submerged.

Question 28

Storms and storm surges

Answer 28

Storms and storm surges will get even worse with higher sea level because there is a higher volume of water in comparison to the land meaning there is a higher possible rate of damage under stormy conditions, also low lying land will be prone to the full impact of storm surges as sea level rises.

Question 29

Groynes

Answer 29

Groynes are long strips of wood implemented on coastlines to prevent Longshore drift from decreasing the beaches width. Negative impacts of this are it doesnt look very natural and it can deprive areas nearby of sediment meaning they get washed away.

Question 30

Beach replenishment

Answer 30

When the beach has sediment added to it to increase its defence against large waves which could affect the area behind the beach.

Question 31

Hard engineering

Answer 31

Hard engineering is a form of prevention of a natural action with man made materials.

Question 32

Soft engineering

Answer 32

When the natural process being treated is enhanced for a certain outcome.

Question 33

Best

Answer 33

Soft engineering as it is the most sustainable and natural.

Question 34

Strategic realignment

Answer 34

When certain areas pf coastline are kept based on their affect on the local economy. Land like farms. Etc will be left to erode as they do not impact the local economy as much as tourism ETC.

Question 35

Dredging

Answer 35

Dredging is the act of removing sit and other material from the bottom of bodies of water it is a routine necessity in water ways around the world because sedimentation the natural process of sand and silt washing downstream gradually fills streams and harbours.