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Biology > 4.3 > Flashcards

4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

The process of placing living things into groups

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2
Q

Why do we classify organisms?

A
  • Convenience
  • Manageability
  • Ease of identifying organisms
  • See relationships between species
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3
Q

What is the order of the eight taxonomic levels?

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
    -Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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4
Q

What is a Domain?

A

Archae, Eubacteria and Eukaryotae

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5
Q

What is a Kingdom?

A

Plantae, Anmalia, Fungi, Protocistista, and Prokaryotae

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6
Q

What is a Phylum?

A

A major subdivision of the kingdom.

A phylum contains organism with the same body plan e.g having. a backbone

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7
Q

What is a class?

A

A group of organism that possess the same general traits. E.g Mammals

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8
Q

What is an order?

A

A subdivision of class using additional information. E.g Carnivore or Herbivore

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9
Q

What is a family?

A

A group of closely related genera, eg. within the order of carivora we might recognise the dog and cat family

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10
Q

What is a Genus?

A

A group of closely related species

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11
Q

What is a species?

A

The basic unit of classification. All members of a species show variation but are essentially the same.

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12
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

A system that uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms.

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13
Q

What are the benfits of the binomial naming system?

A
  • Latin is used which is a universal language
  • No confusion between international scientists
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14
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce feritle off spring.

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15
Q

What can members of the same species be said to do?

A

Occupy the same niche within an ecosystem

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16
Q

What observable features were orgsniams initally classfied with?

A
  • Move on water or land
  • Live on water or land
  • Move through the air
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17
Q

What are the features of Prokaryotae?

A
  • No nucelus
  • Loop of naked DNA
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Smaller ribosomes
  • Smaller cells
  • May be free-living or parasitic
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18
Q

What are the features of Protoctista?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Mostly single celled
  • Free living
  • Show various plant/animals forms
  • Heterotrophic and Autotrophic
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19
Q

What are the features of Fungi?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Can be single celled or have a mycelium that consists of hyphae
  • Chitin walls
  • Mostly free living
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20
Q

What are the features of Plantae?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Contain chlorophyll
  • Autotrophic
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21
Q

What are the features of Animalia?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Able to move around
  • Heterotrophic
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22
Q

What do biological molecules tell us about classification?

A

The more similar biological molecules are, the more closely related the individuals will be.

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23
Q

What is Cytochrome C?

A

A protein used in respiration which is present in all organisms that respire

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24
Q

How does cytochrome C differ in different organisms?

A

The amino acid sequence which makes up cytochrome C

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25
Q

How does DNA differ in different organisms?

A

The sequence of bases

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26
Q

How was Prokaryotae divided into bacteria and Archea?

A

Detailed study of ribsomal RNA

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27
Q

What are the differences between Bacteria and Archae?

A

Bacteria have:

  • A different cell membrane structure
  • Flagella with a different internal structure
  • Different enzymes for synthesising RNA
  • No histone proteins
  • Different methods for RNA and DNA replication
28
Q

What are the Similarities between Eukaryotes and Archae?

A
  • Similar enzymes for synthesizing RNA
  • Similar mechanisms for DNA replication and synthesising RNA
  • Production of some proteins that bind to their DNA
29
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms

30
Q

What is artificial classification?

A
  • Based on a few characteristics
  • Does not reflect evolutionary relationships
  • Provides limited information
  • Is stable
31
Q

What is Natural classification?

A
  • Uses many characteristics
  • Reflects evolutionary characteristics
  • Provides lots of useful information
  • May change with advancing knowledge
32
Q

What is the difference between phylogeny and classification?

A

Classification is putting things into groups; phylogeny is the study of the evolutionary relationships between those groups.

33
Q

How is Phylogeny and Classification related?

A
  • Phylogeny is the evolutionary , relationship between species
  • Phylogeny is the basis of classification
  • Example of molecular evidence used to classify (base sequence / amino acid sequence / DNA / cytochrome C / haemoglobin / ATPase)
  • Species within the same group have shared phylogeny and a common ancestor
34
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

The term used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population

35
Q

What did Darwin Observe?

A
  • Offspring appear similar to their parents
  • No two individuals are identical
  • Organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
  • Populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size
36
Q

What did Darwin conclude from his studies?

A
  • There is a struggle to survive
  • Better-adapted indiviudals survive and pass on their characteristics
  • Over time, a number of changes may give rise to a new species.
37
Q

What do Fossils show us?

A
  • Fossils show organisms changed over time
  • Fossils/rocks can be dated
  • Old species have died out and new species have arisen
  • The new species that have appeared are often similar to the older ones found in the same place
38
Q

What do Biological molecules show us?

A

The more similar the biological molecules of two organisms, the more closely related the organisms will be.

39
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Variation where there are two extremes and a full range of values in between. Most individuals are close to the mean.

40
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Variation where there are distinct categories and nothing in between. The members may be more evenly distributed between the different forms.

41
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

Variation caused by response to environmental factors such as light intensity

42
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Variation caused by possessing a different combination of alleles

43
Q

What is interspecific variation?

A

Variation between species

44
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

The variation between members of the same species

45
Q

What is variation?

A

The presence of a variety - the difference between individuals

46
Q

What regulates continuous variation?

A

Continuous variation is often regulated by more than one gene and can be influenced by the environment in which an organism lives

47
Q

What are examples of continuous variation?

A
  • height in humans
  • length of leaves on a tree
  • Number of flagella on bacterium
48
Q

How do we show continuous variation?

A

On a histogram

49
Q

What regulates discontinuous variation?

A

Discontinuous variation is usually regulated by single gene and is not influenced by the environment which an organism lives

50
Q

What are examples of discontinuous variation?

A
  • Gender
  • Presence of flagella
  • Blood groups
51
Q

How do we show discontinuous variation?

A

On a bar chart

52
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

A measure of the spread around a mean

53
Q

What is the students T- test?

A

A test used to compare two means

54
Q

How do you calculate Degrees of Freedom?

A

(sample size) - (number of data sets)

55
Q

What is Spearman rank correlation coefficient?

A

A measure of how closely two sets of data are related. A value of one means perfect correlation

56
Q

How can we determine if a statistical test value is significance?

A

If the calculated value of T is greater than the value at 5%, then we can consider the difference between the two sets of data to be significant.

If the calculated value of T is lower than the 5% value, then we can consider the difference to be insignificant

57
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

A characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat

58
Q

What are anatomical adaptations?

A

Structural features

59
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

The ways that behaviour is modified for survival

60
Q

What are physiological adaptations?

A

Affect the way processes work

61
Q

What will a well adapted organism be able to do?

A
  • find enough food or photosynthesise well
  • find enough water
  • gather enough nutrients
  • Defend itself from predators and disease
  • survive the physical conditions of its environment
  • respond to changes in its environment
  • have sufficient energy to allow successful reproduction
62
Q

What are the Anatomincal Adaptations of Marram Grass?

A
  • Long roots
  • Leaves are curled
    -Lower epidermis is covered in hair
  • Low density of Stomata
  • Thick waxy cuticle
63
Q

What are the Bheavioural Adaptations of Marram Grass?

A

Marram Grass responds to a shortage of water by rolling the leaf more tightly and closing the stomata. Both changes help to reduce transpiration

64
Q

What are the Physiological Adaptations of Marram Grass?

A

Marram grass shows the following physiological adaptations:

  • The ability to roll its leaf is due to the action of specialised hinge cells in the lower epidermis. These cells lose water when water is scarce and lose their turgidity - this rolls the leaf more tightly When water is available, the hinge cells become turgid, opening up the leaf to allow easier access for carbon dioxide
    for photosynthesis
  • The guard cells work in a similar way to open and close the stomata. Non-turgid cells close the stomata and turgid cells open the stomata.
  • Marram is not very salt tolerant, but it maintains a cell water potential that is lower than other plants. This enables it to survive in the salty conditions found beside the sea
  • The leaves contain many lignified cells that provide support when turgidity is lost - this keeps the leaf upright when water
65
Q

What do Marsupial moles and Placental moles have in common?

A

They have the following characteristics:

  • Cylindrical Body
  • Small Eyes
  • Strong Front Legs
  • Large Claws
  • Short Fur
  • Short Tail
  • Nose with tough skin for protection
66
Q

How does Natural Selection work?

A

1) Mutation creates alternate versions of a gene

2) This creates genetic variation between individuals of a species (intraspecific variation)

3) A selection pressure makes the environment ‘select’ individuals

4) Individuals with advantageous characteristic will survive and reproduce

5) This passes on advantageous characteristics (inheritance)

6) The next generation will have higher proportion of individuals with successful characteristics

67
Q

Where is Evolution present today?

A
  • Pesticide resistance in insects
  • Antibiotic resistance

Biology (6 decks)

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