426 Midterm Matching & Short Answer Flashcards
Ppl: Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern
Match: Second Viennese School, 12 Tone Music, Serialism
Ppl: Balilla Pratella, Luigi Russolo, Antonio Russolo
Match: Futurist Movement, Milan Italy, Intonarumori // Short Answer: Art of Noises, see futurist answer
Ppl: Benjamin Miessner
Short Answer: wrote about all the available technology in sound and predicted future concepts and applications: additive and subtractive synthesis, filtering, ADSR, EQ
Ppl: Clara Rockmore
Match: Theremin // Short Answer: a virtuosic theremin performer whose feedback helped Leon Theremin improve the instrument and whose performances brought the instrument fame.
Ppl: Delia Derbyshire, Daphne Oram, Ron Grainer
Match: BBC Radiophonic Workshop
Ppl: Herbert Eimert, Werner Mayer-Eppler, Karlheinz Stockhausen
Match: WDR, Electronic Music Studio at West German Radio.
Ppl: Hugh Le Caine
Match: NRC (National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada), Electronic Sackbut // Short Answer: Canadian researcher, inventor and composer, LeCaine built a score of new instruments including the Electronic Sackbut and voltage control systems. Dripsody, a tape-manipulated piece based on a recording of a single drop of water.
Ppl: Iannis Xenakis, Edgard Varèse, Le Corbusier
Match: Phillips Pavillion, 1958 World’s Fair, Brussells Belgium
Ppl: Karlheinz Stockhausen, Luciano Berio, Henri Pousseur, Pierre Boulez
Match: Darmstadt School (Darmstadt, Germany)
Ppl: Karlheinz Stockhausen, Olivier Messiaen, Pierre Boulez
Match: Total (Integral) Serialism
Ppl: Leon Theremin, Henry Cowell
Match: Rhythmicon
Ppl: Olivier Messiaen
Match: Ondes Martenot, Total (Integral) Serialism // A French composer whose work with “limited modes of transposition” paved path towards total or integral serialism influencing future composers including those associated with the Darmstadt school. Messiaen had some interest in tape music but is more known for his compositions proto-serialist works and including influences from ornitology.
Ppl: Oskar Sala
Match: Trautonium
Ppl: Pierre Schaeffer, Pierre Henry, Pierre Boulez
Match: GRMC, Paris, Music Concrete // Short Answer: Before having access to tape recorders, Schaeffer recorded real world piano and Boulez’s piano onto plastic disc, mixing playback of several discs at once.
Ppl: Thaddeus Cahill
Match: Telharmonium // Short Answer: invented the Teharmonium which used tonewheels to generate musical sounds as electrical signals
Ppl: Bebe and Louis Barron
Short: Married couple credited with signficant electronic film scores and association with composer John Cage who encouraged them that there work was valid as music. Louis invented a circuits most notably the a ring modulator and Bebe worked heavily in compition tape music using effects and tape manipulation.
Ppl: Joseph Fourier
Match: Harmonics, Harmonic Series // Short Answer: “all sound waves, including basic types, are composites of sine waves”
Ppl: John Cage
Short Answer: A composer, artist, theorist and writer who worked with aleatoric methords. Inspired by various world philosophies and self-discovery he explored non-traditional uses of instruments and performance concepts. Associated with Barrons, working in their New York studio, encouraged and inspired the Barrons by saying they were making music not noise. Worked with them on William’s Mix an aleatoric piece of tape music.
Places: Darmstadt School (Darmstadt, Germany)
Match: Karlheinz Stockhausen, Luciano Berio, Henri Pousseur, Pierre Boulez // Short Answer: Influenced by the composers of the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg & Webern), Darmstadt was a summer gathering teaching composition and premiering new works. Darmstadt inspired future work at WDR, Schaeffer’s work in Paris, and the Milan Electronic Music Studio.
Places: GRM/GRMC and IRCAM (Paris, France)
Match: Pierre Schaeffer, Pierre Henry, Pierre Boulez // Short Answer: Group de Recherche de Musique Concrète at Radio Television Francaise. Schaeffer hired Poullin who created new recording equipment and Henry assisted the group. Symphonie pour un homme seul is considered the first work of Music concrète utilizing multiple turntables and mixers. Later GRM, Group de Recherche Musicales expanded beyond musique concète to include electronic and synthesized sounds. IRCAM is a French institute dedicated to the research of sound, specializing in avante-garde and electro-acoustic music.
Places: Philips Pavilion, 1958 World’s Fair (Brussels, Belgium)
Match: Iannis Xenakis, Edgard Varèse, Le Corbusier Short Asnwer: The electronics manufacturer, Philips corportation, commissioned architect Le Corbusier to build a pavilion celebrating post-war progress. Greek architect and composer, Iannis Xennakis, was involved project management and musical compositions for the pavillion. Xennakis’s Diamorphoses and Concrète PH and Varèse’s Poème électronique were played in the space.
Places: Second Viennese School (Vienna, Austria)
Match: Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern // Short Answer: In early 20th century Vienna, Schoenberg and his students Berg and Webern began composing with late-Romantic characteristics, expanding their tonality into total chromatic expressionism or atonality, eventually developing Schoenberg’s 12-tone technique.
Places: WDR (Cologne, Germany)
Match: Herbert Eimert, Werner Mayer-Eppler, Karlheinz Stockhausen // Short Answer: Operated out of West German Radio in Cologne, it was the most influential electronic music studio of the 1950s & 60s pioneering methods and technologies such as tape manipulation, speech synthesis, and electronically generated sounds.
Places: BBC Radiophonic Workshop (London, England)
Match: Delia Derbyshire, Daphne Oram, Ron Grainer // Short Answer: One of the most widely known electronic music studios known for Oram’s optical synthsizer and unique electronic sounds asscoiated with the BBC such as the Dr. Who theme realized with Derbyshire’s intensive tape manipulation.
