426 Midterm Matching & Short Answer Flashcards
Ppl: Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern
Match: Second Viennese School, 12 Tone Music, Serialism
Ppl: Balilla Pratella, Luigi Russolo, Antonio Russolo
Match: Futurist Movement, Milan Italy, Intonarumori // Short Answer: Art of Noises, see futurist answer
Ppl: Benjamin Miessner
Short Answer: wrote about all the available technology in sound and predicted future concepts and applications: additive and subtractive synthesis, filtering, ADSR, EQ
Ppl: Clara Rockmore
Match: Theremin // Short Answer: a virtuosic theremin performer whose feedback helped Leon Theremin improve the instrument and whose performances brought the instrument fame.
Ppl: Delia Derbyshire, Daphne Oram, Ron Grainer
Match: BBC Radiophonic Workshop
Ppl: Herbert Eimert, Werner Mayer-Eppler, Karlheinz Stockhausen
Match: WDR, Electronic Music Studio at West German Radio.
Ppl: Hugh Le Caine
Match: NRC (National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada), Electronic Sackbut // Short Answer: Canadian researcher, inventor and composer, LeCaine built a score of new instruments including the Electronic Sackbut and voltage control systems. Dripsody, a tape-manipulated piece based on a recording of a single drop of water.
Ppl: Iannis Xenakis, Edgard Varèse, Le Corbusier
Match: Phillips Pavillion, 1958 World’s Fair, Brussells Belgium
Ppl: Karlheinz Stockhausen, Luciano Berio, Henri Pousseur, Pierre Boulez
Match: Darmstadt School (Darmstadt, Germany)
Ppl: Karlheinz Stockhausen, Olivier Messiaen, Pierre Boulez
Match: Total (Integral) Serialism
Ppl: Leon Theremin, Henry Cowell
Match: Rhythmicon
Ppl: Olivier Messiaen
Match: Ondes Martenot, Total (Integral) Serialism // A French composer whose work with “limited modes of transposition” paved path towards total or integral serialism influencing future composers including those associated with the Darmstadt school. Messiaen had some interest in tape music but is more known for his compositions proto-serialist works and including influences from ornitology.
Ppl: Oskar Sala
Match: Trautonium
Ppl: Pierre Schaeffer, Pierre Henry, Pierre Boulez
Match: GRMC, Paris, Music Concrete // Short Answer: Before having access to tape recorders, Schaeffer recorded real world piano and Boulez’s piano onto plastic disc, mixing playback of several discs at once.
Ppl: Thaddeus Cahill
Match: Telharmonium // Short Answer: invented the Teharmonium which used tonewheels to generate musical sounds as electrical signals
Ppl: Bebe and Louis Barron
Short: Married couple credited with signficant electronic film scores and association with composer John Cage who encouraged them that there work was valid as music. Louis invented a circuits most notably the a ring modulator and Bebe worked heavily in compition tape music using effects and tape manipulation.
Ppl: Joseph Fourier
Match: Harmonics, Harmonic Series // Short Answer: “all sound waves, including basic types, are composites of sine waves”
Ppl: John Cage
Short Answer: A composer, artist, theorist and writer who worked with aleatoric methords. Inspired by various world philosophies and self-discovery he explored non-traditional uses of instruments and performance concepts. Associated with Barrons, working in their New York studio, encouraged and inspired the Barrons by saying they were making music not noise. Worked with them on William’s Mix an aleatoric piece of tape music.
Places: Darmstadt School (Darmstadt, Germany)
Match: Karlheinz Stockhausen, Luciano Berio, Henri Pousseur, Pierre Boulez // Short Answer: Influenced by the composers of the Second Viennese School (Schoenberg, Berg & Webern), Darmstadt was a summer gathering teaching composition and premiering new works. Darmstadt inspired future work at WDR, Schaeffer’s work in Paris, and the Milan Electronic Music Studio.
Places: GRM/GRMC and IRCAM (Paris, France)
Match: Pierre Schaeffer, Pierre Henry, Pierre Boulez // Short Answer: Group de Recherche de Musique Concrète at Radio Television Francaise. Schaeffer hired Poullin who created new recording equipment and Henry assisted the group. Symphonie pour un homme seul is considered the first work of Music concrète utilizing multiple turntables and mixers. Later GRM, Group de Recherche Musicales expanded beyond musique concète to include electronic and synthesized sounds. IRCAM is a French institute dedicated to the research of sound, specializing in avante-garde and electro-acoustic music.
Places: Philips Pavilion, 1958 World’s Fair (Brussels, Belgium)
Match: Iannis Xenakis, Edgard Varèse, Le Corbusier Short Asnwer: The electronics manufacturer, Philips corportation, commissioned architect Le Corbusier to build a pavilion celebrating post-war progress. Greek architect and composer, Iannis Xennakis, was involved project management and musical compositions for the pavillion. Xennakis’s Diamorphoses and Concrète PH and Varèse’s Poème électronique were played in the space.
Places: Second Viennese School (Vienna, Austria)
Match: Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern // Short Answer: In early 20th century Vienna, Schoenberg and his students Berg and Webern began composing with late-Romantic characteristics, expanding their tonality into total chromatic expressionism or atonality, eventually developing Schoenberg’s 12-tone technique.
Places: WDR (Cologne, Germany)
Match: Herbert Eimert, Werner Mayer-Eppler, Karlheinz Stockhausen // Short Answer: Operated out of West German Radio in Cologne, it was the most influential electronic music studio of the 1950s & 60s pioneering methods and technologies such as tape manipulation, speech synthesis, and electronically generated sounds.
Places: BBC Radiophonic Workshop (London, England)
Match: Delia Derbyshire, Daphne Oram, Ron Grainer // Short Answer: One of the most widely known electronic music studios known for Oram’s optical synthsizer and unique electronic sounds asscoiated with the BBC such as the Dr. Who theme realized with Derbyshire’s intensive tape manipulation.
Places: BBC Radiophonic Workshop (London, England)
Match: Delia Derbyshire, Daphne Oram, Ron Grainer // Short Answer: One of the most widely known electronic music studios known for Oram’s optical synthesizer and unique electronic sounds associated with the BBC such as the Dr. Who theme realized with Derbyshire’s intensive tape manipulation.
Places: Louis and Bebe Barron’s Recording Studio (New York, NY, USA)
Match: Bebe & Louis Barron // Short Answer: Louis Barron invented circuits, notably the ring modulator. Bebe composed tape music working with effects and intensive tape manipulation. The duo recorded everything they created as the circuits would burn out and could not be exactly recreated. John Cage also worked out of their studio and encouraged the Barrons that their work was indeed music.
Places: NRC (National Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada)
Match: Hugh Le Caine
Places: Milan Electronic Music Studio (Milan, Italy)
Match: Pousser, Berio, Tape Music
Comp: Motor Rhythm
Short Answer: sounds of automation and motor-like rhythm in compositions paralleled the industrialization of society in the late 19th and early 20th century
Comp: The Futurist Movement
Match: Italy, Balilla Pratella, Luigi Russolo, Antonio Russolo // Short Answer: An artistic and social movement originating in Italy that emphasized themes of the future, speed, technology, youth, war and the industrial metropolis. They placed artistic value in noise as it the sounds of industrialization reflected the experience of the masses.
Comp: 12-Tone Technique
Match: Developed by Schoenberg of the Second Viennese School, a method of classical serialism utilizing all 12 tones equally without emphasizing a particular tone and therefore key.
Comp: Total (Integral) Serialism
Match: Karlheinz Stockhausen, Olivier Messiaen, Pierre Boulez // Short Answer: Total (Integral) Serialism expands the technique of 12-tone method, to all other musical parameters including duration, dynamics, and timbre.
Comp: Aleatory / Aleatoric
Short Answer: Music composed, produced or performed based on random chance such as a coin toss or dice roll.
Comp: Musique concrete
Short Answer: A genre in which real-world sounds are valued as music in composition. The sounds are generally recorded, traditionally on disc or tape, organized, manipulated and mixed for playback in performance. Composers include: Schaeffer, Messiaen, Xennakis, Varese, LeCaine, Henry, Stockhausen, Radigue, Oram, etc.
Comp: Tape Music
Match: Éliane Radigue, Stockhausen, Bebe & Louis Barron // Short Answer: Used in creating new musical compositions, for recording real-life sounds that could be manipulated
Comp: Elektronische Music (electronic music)
Match: WDR, Herbert Eimert, Werner Mayer-Eppler, Karlheinz Stockhausen // Short Answer: unlike MC, uses mainly electronically generator sounds allowing for more control over all parameters (pitch, duration, amplitude, rhythm etc)
Thing: Electronic Sakbut
Match: Hugh Le Caine // Short Answer: Invented by Hugh LeCaine, the ES consisted of a right-hand keyboard and left-hand controls for modification of volume, pitch and timbre
Thing: Optical Synthesizer
Match: Daphne Oram // Short Answer: Pioneered by Daphne Oram. The composer would draw shapes of lines on film strips to control the sound produced.
Thing: Optical Synthesizer
Match: Daphne Oram // Short Answer: Pioneered by Daphne Oram. The composer would draw shapes of lines on film strips to control the sound produced.
Thing: Rhythmicon
Short Answer: The first rhythm or drum machine was developed by Leon Theremin under the commission of Henry Cowell. It can produce up to 16 different rhythms.
Thing: Rhythmicon
Short Answer: The first rhythm or drum machine was developed by Leon Theremin under the commission of Henry Cowell. It can produce up to 16 different rhythms.
Thing: Trautonium
Match: Oskar Sala // Short Asnwer: Invented by Friedrich Trautwein. The instrument does not utlitize a keyboard. Instead a resistor wire is depressed over a metal plate allowing the performer to control pitch, vibrato and volume. Oskar Sala and Paul Hindemith wrote compositions and performed Trautonium, continuing it’s development adding more manuals, filtering, switches for changing the static tuning and more.
Thing: Theremin
Match: Leon Theremin, Clara Rockmore // Short Answer: an instrument performed by affecting magnetic field changes with one’s hands in proxitiy to two antenna’s connected to oscillators for frequency (pitch) and amplitude (volume)
Thing: Telharmonium
Match: Thaddeus Cahill // Short Answer: first electromechanical instrument, an early that generated sound with tone wheels then transmitted over telephone wires
Thing: Intonarumori
Match: Russolo Brothers, Music concrete // Short Answer: Noise generators with controllable pitch and dynamics invented by Russolo brothers
Thing: Tonband (tape recorder)
Short Answer: Invented in Germany and introduced to world in 1945, magnetic tape retains memory over decades at high sound quality. The tape recorder enabled the develpment of new genres, music concrète and tape music.
Thing: Hammond Organ
Match: Thaddeus Cahill, Laurens Hammond // Short Answer: Tone wheel organ, improved upon the design of Telharmonium by including an amplifer
Thing: Harmonics and historical investigations
Match: Joseph Fourier // Short Answer: Greeks (Pythagoreans) used monochord to investigate harmonic overtone series, partials, and the ratios between partials (intervals). Shang Dynasty (China), bronze bells had nodes on the surface of the bell to dampening or accentuating frequencies from harmonic overtone series. India, sitar has resonating strings that actuate when fretted strings are plucked
Thing: Sine wave
Match: Stockhausen, WDR, Fourier // Short Answer: a continous s-shaped wave that oscillates smoothly above and below zero.
Thing: VCO
Match: Hugh Le Caine // Short Answer: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator, generate a waveform, the pitch of which can be determined by a voltage determined by a musical keyboard or other input
Thing: VCA
Match: Hugh Le Caine // Short Answer: Voltage-Controlled Amplifier, controls overall volume of an audio signal or a group of signals sent to device
Thing: LFO
Short Answer: Low Frequency Oscillator, creates a pulse or sweep below 20 Hz to create effects such as vibrato, tremolo and phasing
Thing: Filters
Match: Karl Stockhausen // Short Answer: a circuit that amplifies or attenuates a range or band of frequencies using capacitors, resistors and transducers
Thing: Spring Reverb
Match: Hammond Organ // Short Answer: synthetic reverb system consisting of a spring coil with a pickup at one end and transducer at the other
Thing: Tape loop
Match: Music concrete, Bebe & Louis Barron, John Cage // Short Answer: cut and spliced magnetic tape is played back to create repetitive patterns or layered musical textures
Thing: Transducers (mics, speakers)
Short Answer: an audio device that transforms energy from one form to another i.e. sound wave to electric signal (mics) or vice versa (speakers)
Thing: Envelope generator (AD, ADSR)
Match: Benjamin Miessner // Short answer: Attack Decay or Attack Decay Sustain Release, controllers the shape of a sound’s onset, transient and sustain
Thing: Patch bay
Match: Voltage control and signal cables // Short Answer: a hub that allows for the control input sources and output utilizing voltage control and signal cables
Things: Voltage control and signal cables
Match: Patch bay // Short Answer: Cables used to transfer electrical energy as an audio signal or voltage pulses between devices or via a patch bay
Thing: Mixer
Match: Pierre Shaeffer, Pierre Henry, Bebe & Louis Barron // Short Answer: device for controlling playback volume and effects from multiple incoming audio sources and outgoing mix
