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Psychology Paper 2 > 4.2.3 Research Methods > Flashcards

4.2.3 Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is deductive theory (top down)?

A

Theory —> Prediction —> Experiment

Relied on by Psychology

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2
Q

What is Inductive Theory?

A

Observation —> Generalisation—> Theory

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3
Q

What is Falsification?

A
  • Created by Karl Popper
  • all good theories should be able to tested/ falsified
  • deductive theory used
  • better to be proved wrong then nothing
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4
Q

What is the Independent variable (IV)?

A

The aspect of the experiment that the researcher changes/manipulate.

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5
Q

What is the dependent variable (DV)?

A

The data that the research measures. The effects should only be caused by the IV.

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6
Q

What are extraneous variables(EV)?

A

A variable other than the IV that may affect the DV and should therefore be controlled for. If not properly controlled it can challenge the validity of the research.

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7
Q

What is a directional (one-tailed) hypothesis?

More/less

A

Predict a difference or a relationship between groups/conditions and state the direction of the different relationships.
(Experimental accept/reject)

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8
Q

What is a non-directional (two-tailed) Hypothesis?

A

Predicts a difference or a relationship between groups/conditions but does not state the direction of the difference/relationship.
(Experimental accept/reject)

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9
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

Predict that the results of obtained from an investigation are due to chance.
(Retain/reject)

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10
Q

What is operationalisation?

A

This means to make the hypothesis testable and measurable.

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11
Q

What is reliability?

A

It refers to the extent which something is consistent.

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12
Q

What is the effect of reliable methodologies and effects?

A

Reliable methodologies will produce the same or similar results each time.
Reliable effects are replicated across a number of different studies.

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13
Q

What is test retest reliability?

A

Measures test consistency, the reliability of a test measured over time.

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14
Q

What is interrater reliability?

A

Interrater reliability is is the degree of agreement among raters (at least 2 people).

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15
Q

What is validity?

A

Validity refers to the extent to which something is measuring what it is claiming to measure.

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16
Q

What are valid methodologies?

A

They measure the construct that they are intended to measure (DV).

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17
Q

What is valid effects?

A

Valid attacks can be attributed to the independent variable.

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18
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Lots of extraneous variables can change the internal validity.

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19
Q

What are the different types of EV?

A

Participant variables, situational variables and other EVs.

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20
Q

What are participant variables?

A

They are to do with differences between the participants.

21
Q

What are situational variables?

A

They are features of the experiments situation. (Setting)

22
Q

What are other EVs?

A

They may include: research bias, demand characteristics and order effect.
Demand characteristics fall under the please you effect and the screw you effect.

23
Q

What is external validity?

A

External validity refers to the extent the results can be generalised to other settings.

24
Q

What are the different types of external validity?

A

Ecological assesses setting, population assesses people, temporal assesses time. All researchers ask is can they be generalised.

25
Q

What is mundane realism?

A

The task is not realistic of every day behaviour.

26
Q

What is generalisation?

A

Generalisations focus on the similarities between humans and take a nomothetic approach to psychology rather than an idiographic approach.

27
Q

What is a nomothetic approach?

A

Quantitative data

28
Q

What is an idiographic approach?

A

Qualitative data e.g. interviews and debriefs

29
Q

Why might generalisations may not be possible?

A

Sample size was small and not very representative, findings are only from one country.

30
Q

What are standardised procedures?

A

Replication to determine reliability.

31
Q

What is random allocation?

A

Equal chance for p’s to be in each condition.

32
Q

What is the double blind test?

A

Neither the P’s or the researchers know the condition.

33
Q

What is the single blind test?

A

The researcher doesn’t know the condition they are in.

34
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

Variables part from the IV that have an effect on the DV.

35
Q

What are uncontrolled variables?

A

Variables that cannot be controlled for.

36
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

When the P’s catch cues to what the researcher may be looking for resulting in the “please you effect” or the “screw you effect”

37
Q

What are investigator effects?

A

When a researcher (unconsciously or consciously) try to effect the outcome to support their hypothesis.

38
Q

What is Participant Reactivity?

A

Change in behaviour when you know you are being observed.

39
Q

What is a Laboratory Experiment?

A

An experiment conducted in an artificial setting, standardised procedure, researcher manipulates the IV to see its effect on the DV, Participants are aware they are in an experiment but not always sure about the aims. Controls over the EVs.

40
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

An experiment conducted in a natural setting, researcher manipulates the IV to see its effect on the DV, IV deliberately manipulated by researcher, P’s not aware they are in experiment.

41
Q

What is a Natural experiment?

A

(setting/ situational e.g twin separated at birth) Conducted in everyday environment, the researcher cannot ethically manipulate the IV, no control over the IV as it happens in everyday life.

42
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

(person) random allocation cannot be used, the researcher does not manipulate the IV it simply just exists and therefore P’s cannot be randomly allocated to groups.

43
Q

What are the different methods of Random allocation?

A

The lottery method, random number method.

44
Q

What are experimental (research) designs?

A

refers to how the P’s are organised across the conditions.

45
Q

What is the repeated measures design?

A

Each Participant takes part in both conditions. They are selected for both groups.

46
Q

What is Independent group design?

A

Each P’s takes part in one condition only. They are selected for one group.

47
Q

What is matched pairs design?

A

Each P’s takes part in one condition only, but is matched up on variables considered relevant e.g IQ

48
Q

What is counter balancing?

A

Overcome the issue of repeated measures. P’s split into two groups. E.g group 1 does no music then music conditions and group 2 does music then no music conditions.

49
Q

What are test validity’s?

A

Construct, Concurrent, Face, Predictive

Psychology Paper 2 (2 decks)

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