4.2.3 Organic Synthesis Flashcards
Synthesis pathway : Alkane to Haloalkane
Halogen Molecule
UV Light
Free Radical Substitution
Synthesis pathway : Alkene to Haloalkane
Hydrogen Halide
Room Temperature
Electrophilic Addition
Synthesis pathway : Alkene to Dihaloalkane
Halogen Molecule
Room Temperature
Electrophilic Addition
Synthesis pathway : Alkene to Alcohol
Steam
Sulphuric Acid catalyst, High temperature and pressure
Hydration
Synthesis pathway : Alkene to Alkane
Hydrogen
Nickel Catalyst, 170 degrees
Hydogenation
Synthesis pathway : Alcohol to Ester
Carboxylic acid
Sulphuric Acid
Esterification
Synthesis pathway : Alcohol to Aldehyde
H2SO4/ Kr2Cr207
Distil Immediately
Oxidation
Synthesis pathway : Alcohol to Ketone
H2SO4/ Kr2Cr207
Reflux
Oxidation
Synthesis pathway : Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid
H2SO4/ Kr2Cr207
Reflux
Oxidation
Synthesis pathway : Alcohol to Alkene
Sulphuric acid catalyst and 170 degrees
Dehydration
Synthesis pathway : Alcohol to Haloalkane
Sodium Halide
H2SO4
Electrophilic Substitution
Synthesis pathway : Haloalkane to Alcohol
Sodium Hydroxide
Reflux
Electrophilic Substitution
Synthesis pathway : Haloalkane to Amine
Ammonia with ethanol
Reflux
Nucleophilic Substitution
Synthesis pathway : Haloalkane to Nitrile
Sodium Cyanide
Reflux
Nucleophilic Substitution
What is reflex used for ?
Used to heat volatile liquids through continuous boiling and condensation.
When do we use distillation ?
To separate substances with different boiling points
When do we use redistillation ?
To purify a volatile liquid
Why do we use reflux with volatile liquids ?
To ensure no volatile liquid is lost in heating
Explain the process of purfying an organic substance ?
Pour the reaction mixture into a separating funnel and add water
Shake the funnel and then allow the layers to settle
The lower layer will be a denser aqueous solution which will contain the water soluble impurities
Thus can be run off so only the organic layer is left (this is the part with the product)
Give me two examples of the drying agents used in purification and what type of salts are they ?
Calcium Chloride
Magnesium Sulphate
Both are anhydrous salts
Describe the appeartus set up for reflux
Round bottom flask
Condensor with water flowing into the condensor from the bottom and leaving at the top
Heat source like heating mantle
Describe/ Draw distillation apperatus
Round bottom flask connected to a condenser with water flowing into the bottom and out from the top then connected to a conical flask
You are supplied with a sample of ammonium bromide.
Describe simple tests that would identify the cation and anion in the sample
Include reagent, expected observations are relevant equations
Bromine Test
Add silver nitrate and ethanol
Cream Precipitate
Ag+ + Br- > AgBr
Ammonia Test
Heat with NaOH
Indicator paper turns blue
NH4+ + OH- > NH3 +H20
