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OCR Biology A > 4.2.1 - Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2.1 - Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Biodiversity

A

Measure of how varied life on earth is

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2
Q

3 types of biodiversity

A

Habitat
Species
Genetic

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3
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Measure of how many variations that are in the genetic code between individuals in spp. or diff spp

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4
Q

Species diversity

A

Measure of how many diff species are present

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5
Q

Species

A

Share common physiological, anatomical and behavioural characteristics
Can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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6
Q

Hybrid

A

Produced by diff species but are infertile

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7
Q

Community

A

Several populations of diff spp living in a habitat at a certain time

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8
Q

Habitat

A

Place where organisms live at a certain time

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9
Q

Population

A

The amount of spp living in a habitat at a certain time

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10
Q

Endemism

A

Group of organisms unique to one particular habitat (geographically discrete)

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11
Q

Things to consider when sampling

A

Size of samples
No. of samples
Sampling technique used
Ways to not disturb the habitat

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12
Q

Random sampling

A

Uses a calculator to generate random numbers which can be used as coordinates on an imaginary grid

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13
Q

Opportunistic sampling

A

Involves using prior knowledge to select sample sites or changing the sampling strategy on site

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14
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Involves carrying out samples in each recognisable sub-habitat

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15
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Involves carrying out sampling at fixed intervals in each distance

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16
Q

Methods of using quadrats

A

Point sampling - counting species touching quadrat

Grid sampling - estimating how many smaller squares are occupied by each species

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17
Q

Methods to sample animals

A

Longworth trap (mark, release, recapture)
Observation
Pitfall trap
Tullgreen funnel (invertebrates living in leaf litter)
Sweep net and kick sampling
Pooters
Tree beating

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18
Q

Measures of species diversity

A

Species richness

Species evenness

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19
Q

Species richness

A

No. of diff types of species in a particular area. The greater the number of spp, the ‘richer’ the area

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20
Q

Species evenness

A

How evenly each species is represented throughout a habitat

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21
Q

What does a high Simpson’s index indicate

A

Habitat with high diversity
High species evenness and richness
May survive disruption (introduction of new disease or competition)
Should be conserved

22
Q

When is genetic diversity increased

A

When there is more than one gene variant (allele) for a particular locus

23
Q

Factors affecting biodiversity

A

Human population growth
Increasing use of agriculture (monoculture)
Climate change

24
Q

Reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

Ecological
Economic
Aesthetic

25
Q

Ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

Regulation of O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere
Soil formation and retention
Protecting keystone species
Maintaining genetic resource

26
Q

Economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

Pollination of crops depends on bees
Unknown species may be effective medicines
Growth of food and timber relies on correct functioning of ecosystem
To avoid soil depletion (continuous monoculture)
Natural predators to pests reduce the need for pesticides

27
Q

Aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

Maintaining the landscape
Being around nature relives stress and helps recovery from injury
A healthy, well-balanced ecosystem is complex and beautiful

28
Q

Types of conservation

A

In situ

Ex situ

29
Q

In situ conservation

A

Conserving a species in its natural habitat by creating marine conservation zones and wildlife reserves

30
Q

Advantages of in situ conservation

A

Tourism generates money
Generates jobs for locals
Both habitats and species are conserved
Organisms will behave normally

31
Q

Disadvantages of in situ conservation

A

Can be difficult to monitor organisms and ensure they’re healthy
Poachers/hunters
The environmental factors that caused the decline may still be present
Difficult to treat diseases

32
Q

Ex situ conservation

A

Conserving a species using controlled habitats away from its normal environment e.g. seed banks, botanic gardens and zoos

33
Q

Advantages of ex situ conservation

A

Easy research
Diseases can be controlled
Controlled breeding
Once populations have been increased, some can be reintroduced to the wild
Seed banks can store seeds of millions of rare/extinct plants using a smaller area

34
Q

Disadvantages of ex situ conservation

A

Organisms living in unnatural habitat (effects on behaviour)
May not breed
Little point in conserving individuals if their natural habitat is lost and there nowhere to return to

35
Q

Conservation agreements

A

CITES
CBD
CSS

36
Q

Keystone species

A

Is one that has a disproportionate effect on the ecosystem - loss of these species affects many others

37
Q

CITES

A

Conservation on International Trade in Endangered Species
International countries voluntarily agree to ensure their trade of wild animals and plants doesn’t affect their survival
Prohibit commercial trade on wild plants

38
Q

CBD

A

Rio Convention on Biological Diversity
Promotes development of sustainable resources of food, water and medicine
Promotes ex situ conservation measures with shared resources

39
Q

CSS

A

Countryside Stewardship Scheme

Aims to enhance natural beauty of UK country side and improve public access

40
Q

How does human population growth lead to a decline in biodiversity

A

Deforestation to build houses, habitats destroyed (lower habitat diversity)

41
Q

How does agriculture lead to decline in biodiversity

A

Monoculture; only growing one type of crop

Excessive use of pesticides - lower genetic diversity

42
Q

How does the excessive use of farmland cause a reduction in biodiversity

A

Only promotes growth of one species

Others are outcompeted and die out

43
Q

Why will a reduction in biodiversity present problems for agriculture

A

Loss of genetic diversity
Lost genes may have been useful e.g. gene for drought resistance
Fewer pollinators

44
Q

Advantages of seed banks

A

Not susceptible to diseases
Remain viable for longer
Requires less space so more can be kept

45
Q

Why are seeds in seed banks collected from several sites

A

Maintain gene pool
Reduce chance of inbrrrding
In case there are environmental factors affecting one of the sites

46
Q

Why is it bad for endangered species to be isolated

A

Small gene pool
More vulnerable to predators and poachers
Natural disaster could wipe out part of population

47
Q

How can zoos help endangered animals if captive breeding doesn’t work

A

Raise awareness

Promote conservation projects

48
Q

Niche

A

Organisms role in the habitat its living in

49
Q

How will having smaller fields increase biodiversity

A

More hedges in between the fields, species can live there

50
Q

Why might deforestation increase biodiversity in the short term

A

Many species are forced to live in a small area

After a while however, the woodland will reach its carrying capacity and organisms either migrate or die

51
Q

Requirements to use Spearmans rank

A

Paired data
More than 5 data points
Independent of each other
Ordinal/interval data

52
Q

Advantages of standard deviation vs range

A

Less affected by outlier

Takes into account every value

OCR Biology A (25 decks)

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