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Bioleg Uned 4 > 4.2 Sexual Reproduction in Humans > Flashcards

4.2 Sexual Reproduction in Humans Flashcards

1
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac of skin where the temperature is lower than the temperature inside the body - optimum temperature for sperm development

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2
Q

Testes

A

Produce Spermatazoa and the male hormone testosterone

contained in scrotum

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3
Q

Epididymis

A

A long coiled tube outside testes. Sperm remain here for a short time while they become mature

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4
Q

Vas deferens

A

A tube that carries sperm out of testes to urethra

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5
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Produces mucus secretions which aid sperm mobility. Mucus contains a mix of chemicals which include fructose used in respiration for movment

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6
Q

Prostrate gland

A

Secretes zinc-containing fluid

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7
Q

Urethra

A

tube that carries urine and semen out of body

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8
Q

Penis

A

An intromittent organ deliveling sperm copulation

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9
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

General Epithelium (2n)
(Mitosis)
Spermatogonium (2n)
(Mitosis)
Primary Spermatocyte (2n)
(Meiosis 1)
Secondary Spermatocyte (n)
(Meiosis 2)
Spermatids (n)
(Mature)
Spermatozoa

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10
Q

Ovary

A

Produce the female gametes and make female hormones

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11
Q

Oviduct

A

Mucular tube that contains the egg to the uterus

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12
Q

Uterus

A

Muscular organ wich functions to nourish and house the fertilized egg untill the unborn childed is ready to be delivered

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13
Q

Endometrium

A

the lining of the womb - where the embryo plants during pregnancy and shed duringn mensturation

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14
Q

Cervix

A

Ring of muscle between uterus and vagina

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15
Q

Vagina

A

closed muscular canal that extends from vulva to cervix

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16
Q

Oogenesis

A

General Epithelium (2n)
(Mitosis)
Oogonium (2n)
Mitosis
Primary oocytes (2n)
(Meiosis 1 - stops at prophase - before birth)
Secondary oocyte (n)
(Meiosis 2 - stops at metaphase - after puberty)
Ovum (n)
After fertilisation

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17
Q

What happens at day 14?

A

Ovulation

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18
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone

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19
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

After fertilization the remaining folicle develops into the corpus luteum

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20
Q

Clevage

A

sequence of mitotic divisions as the embryo moves down the oviduct

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21
Q

Morula

A

Solid ball of 16 cells which has formed within 3 days

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22
Q

Blastocyst

A

Hollow ball of cells which has formed by day 7. Moves from the oviduct to the uterus

23
Q

Implantation Window

A

period when the endometrium is receptive to accept implantation of blastocyst

24
Q

Trophoblastic Villi

A

Develops around day 9 - they penotrate endometrium and increase surface area for absorption of nutrience

25
Q

Placenta

A

-Connects embryo to uterus wall
-Combination of mother and embryo tissues

26
Q

Roles of placenta

A
  • Endocrine gland - Produce hormones to support pregnancy
  • Exchange of materials - Nutrience, waste product,respiratory gas exchanged between blood - counter current flow - maintains a high conc gradient
  • No contact between blood to protect the fragile foetal capillaries from damage by H.B.P of mother
  • Protection against mothers imune system
27
Q

Events that lead to fertilisation

A
  1. Capacitation - Removal of cholestrol and glycoproteins from cell membrane over the acrosome in the sperm head. Membrane becomes fluid and more permeable to Ca2+
  2. Acrosome reaction - Protase released from acrosome to digest corona radiata
  3. Sperm head entry - cell membrane of secondary oocyte and sperm fuse and the sperm head sinks into the cytoplasm. Secondary oocyte is called Ovum
  4. Cortical reactioni - Production fertilisation membrane to provent polyspermy
28
Q

What happens in the uterus when the follicle is maturing in the ovary?

A

Period - endometrium lining is shed

29
Q

What happens in the uterus when mature Graafian follicle is formed?

A

Endometrium thickens
(rebuilds)

30
Q

What happens in the uterus at ovulation?

A

Endometrium is at it’s thickest

31
Q

What happens in the uterus when Corpus luteum forms?

A

Endometrium is maintained at its thickest

32
Q

What hormone does the Hypothalamus produce to the Anterior gland?

A

Gonadotrophic releasing hormone

33
Q

What 2 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenising hormone (LH)

34
Q

What does the Follicle Stimulating hormone do?

A

Stimulates the development of primary follicles
Produce Graafian follicle
Stimulates cells to produce oestrogen

35
Q

What does the luteinising hormone do?

A

Reaches max conc just before ovulation
Induce ovulation
At day 14 concentration causes Graafian follicle to release the secondary oocyte
Positive feed effect on FSH

36
Q

What does Oestrogen do?

A

Triggers the rebuilding of the endometrium
Inhibits FSH secretion by negative feedback
Stimulates LH production be positive feedback

37
Q

What does Progesterone do?

A

Maintains the newly built endometrium
If there’s no implantation the falling conc of FSH and LH causes corpus luteum to degenerate so progesterone production declines

38
Q

Main role of Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Follicle development

39
Q

Main role Lutenising hormone

A

Ovulation

40
Q

Main role of oestrogen

A

Rebuild endometrium

41
Q

Main role of progesterone

A

Maintain endometrium

42
Q

What is the amnion?

A

The membrane derived from the inner cell membrane from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst
Initially in contact with the embryo

43
Q

What is amniotic fluid?

A

98% water, a solution of urea, salts a little protein and a trace of sugar
Contains some foetal cells that have sloughed off the foeutus

44
Q

Functions of amniotic fluid?

A
  1. Maintains the foetus’s temperature
  2. Provides lubrication
  3. Contributes to lung development
  4. Allows movement so muscles and bones function before birth
  5. Acts as a shock absorber
45
Q

How many trimesters are in a pregnancy?

A

3

46
Q

How long is the first trimester?

A

0-3

47
Q

What happens in the first trimester?

A

Includes conception, implantation and embryogenesis
All major organs are laid down
High risk of miscarriage
After 10 week embryo is describes as a foetus

48
Q

How long is the second trimester?

A

4-6.5 months

49
Q

What happens in the second trimester?

A

Development
Movements of foetus can be felt

50
Q

What happens in the third trimester?

A

All major structures are complete
This is a period of growth
Fat is laid down
Length doubles and mass increases three-fold
Senses that such as hearing are developing

51
Q

What does the human chroionic gonadotrophin hormone do?

A

It’s a glycoprotein
Maintains the corpus luteum in secretion of progesterone

52
Q

When is human chorionic gonadotrophin produced?

A

About 6 days after fertilisation the blastocyst sectetes hCG

53
Q

What does progesterone inhibits during pregnancy?

A

Inhibit Oxytocin so the myometrium and muscles in the milk ducts do not contract

Bioleg Uned 4 (2 decks)

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