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Metabolism > 4.2 Lipid transport > Flashcards

4.2 Lipid transport Flashcards

1
Q

5 groups lipids can be split into ?

A
  • triacylglycerol -> diacylglycerol & monoacylglycerol
  • fatty acids
  • cholesterol -> cholesterol esters
  • phospholipids
  • vitamins A, D, E and K
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2
Q

Lipids are…

structurally …1.. group of compounds
…2.. molecules .3… in water

A
  1. diverse
  2. hydrophobic
  3. insoluble
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3
Q

Lipids are transported in blood bound to ..1… :
* ~2% of lipids (mostly FA’s) are carried bound to .2…
* ~98% of lipids carried as ..3… consisting of ..4..

A
  1. carriers
  2. albumin
  3. lipoprotein particles
  4. phospholipids, cholesterols, cholesterol esters, proteins, triacylglycerols
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4
Q

Plasma lipid concentration of triacylglycerol

A

1.0 mmol/L

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5
Q

Plasma lipid concentration of phospholipids

A

2.5 mmol/L

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6
Q

Plasma lipid concentration of total cholesterol

A

5.0 mmol/L

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7
Q

Plasma lipid concentration of cholesterol esters

A

3.5 mmol/L

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8
Q

Plasma lipid concentration of free FA’s

A

0.4 mmol/L

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9
Q

Lipoprotein structure:
* …1… surface coat (shell)
* …2… lipid core

A
  1. polar
  2. non-polar
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10
Q

Phospholipids are classified according to their ….1… e.g. ?
choline -> ..2…
inositol -> ..3..

A
  1. polar head group
  2. phosphatidylcholine
  3. phosphatidylinositol
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11
Q

How is some and most cholesterol obtained ?

A
  • some = from diet
  • most = synthesised in liver
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12
Q

what is cholesterol to cell membranes ?

A

an essential structural component that modulates fluidity

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13
Q

Cholesterol is a precursor for what 3 substances ?

A
  • steroid hormones
  • bile acids
  • vitamin D
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14
Q

List examples of steroid hormones that cholesterol is a precursor for …

A

TACO
Testosterone
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Oestrogen

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15
Q

How is cholesterol transported around the body ?

A

as cholesterol ester, in some lipoproteins

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16
Q

what are apolipoproteins ?

A

apoproteins associated with lipoprotein particles

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17
Q

Apolipoproteins can be ..1… or ..2…

what’s difference between the 2 , Include 2 examples of apolipoproteins for each?

A
  1. peripheral = loosely bound to surface [apoC and apoE]
  2. integral = passing through phospholipid bilayer [apoA, apoB]
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18
Q

structural role of apolipoprotein ?

A

packaging water insoluble lipid into soluble form

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19
Q

functional role of apolipoprotein

A

co-factor for enzymes and ligands for cell surface receptors

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20
Q

6 major classes of apolipoproteins ?

A

A-E and H

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21
Q

In which lipoprotein particles is apolipoprotein B (apoB) found?

A
  • chylomicrons
  • VLDL
  • IDL
  • LDL
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22
Q

In which lipoprotein particles is apoAI found?

23
Q

In which lipoprotein particles is apoC and apoE found?

A
  • chylomicrons
  • VLDL
  • HDL
24
Q

what are the 5 distinct classes of plasma lipoprotein particles ?

A
  • chylomicrons
  • VLDL (very low density lipoproteins)
  • IDL (intermediate density lipoproteins)
  • LDL (low density lipoproteins)
  • HDL (high density lipoproteins)
25
Each plasma lipoprotein particles contains variable content of what ?
apolipoprotein triacylglycerol cholesterol cholesterol ester
26
Plasma lipoprotein particles that are : 1. main carriers of TGs 2. main carriers of cholesterol esters
1. Chylomicron, VLDL 2. IDL, LDL, HDL
27
1. where are chylomicrons formed ? 2. transported to bloodstream via what ?
1. Intestinal mucosa (small intestine) 2. lymphatic vessels
28
Lipoprotein density is measured how ?
ultracentrifugation
29
Lipoproteins relationship between particle diameter and density
they are inversely proportional
30
Chylomicrons mainly carry ..1.. to ..2... tissue especially ..3.. tissue
1. dietary triacylglycerols 2. peripheral 3. adipose
31
chylomicrons are normally only present in blood ..1... hr after a meal and then cleared, IF persistence after ..2.. hr it's a ..3...
1. 4 - 6 2. 6 3. clinical problem
32
6 components looked for in a cholesterol blood test ?
* total cholesterol (TC) * non-HDL-cholesterol * LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) 'bad' * HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) 'good' * Total cholesterol: HDL-C ratio * triglyceride (TG)
33
what is non HDL-cholesterol ?
total cholesterol minus HDL-cholesterol
34
Ideal value of total cholesterol ?
5 mmol /L or less
35
Ideal value of non HDL-cholesterol ?
4 mmol/L or less
36
Ideal value of LDL-cholesterol?
3 mmol/L or less
37
Ideal value of HDL-cholesterol?
* over 1 mmol/L (men) * over 1.2 mmol/L (women)
38
Ideal value of total cholesterol: HDL-C ratio ?
ratio above 6 considered high risk - so lower the ratio the better
39
Ideal value of triglyceride in fasted sample ?
< 2 mmol/L
40
Hyperlipoproteinaemia: 1. raised .... 2. caused by: .... 3. defects in ....
1. plasma levels of one or more lipoprotein classes 2. over-production/ under-removal 3. enzymes, receptors, apoproteins
41
6 main classes of hyperlipoproteinaemia ?
I , IIa, IIb, III, IV, V
42
type I hyperlipoproteinaemia 1. in fasting plasma .... present ? 2. no link with .... 3. Cause ?
* chylomicrons * coronary artery disease * defective lipoprotein lipase
43
type IIa hyperlipoproteinaemia 1. raised ... ? 2. associated with .... 3. Caused by ?
1. LDL 2. coronary artery disease that may be severe 3. defective LDL receptor
44
type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia 1. raised ... ? 2. associated with .... 3. Caused by ?
1. LDL and VLDL 2. coronary artery disease 3. unknown defect
45
type III hyperlipoproteinaemia 1. raised ... ? 2. associated with .... 3. Caused by ?
1. IDL and chylomicron remnants 2. coronary artery disease 3. defective apoprotein (apoE)
46
type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia 1. raised ... ? 2. associated with .... 3. Caused by ?
1. VLDL 2. coronary artery disease 3. unknown defect
47
type V hyperlipoproteinaemia 1. raised ... in fasting plasma ? 2. associated with .... 3. Caused by ?
1. chylomicrons and VLDL 2. coronary artery disease 3. unknown cause
48
3 clinical signs of hypercholesterolaemia, resulting from cholesterol depositions in various areas of body ?
* Xanthelasma = yellow patches on eyelids * Tendon Xanthoma = nodules on tendon * Corneal arcus = white cicrle around eye, common in older people (different to brushfield spots in down syndrome!)
49
first approach treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemia ?
DIET * reduce cholesterol and saturated lipids in diet * increase fibre intake LIFESTYLE * increase exercise * stop smoking
50
If no response to first approach treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemia (diet & lifestyle) -> drugs are used which are what ?
* statins * bile salt/ acid sequestrants
51
Statins used to treat hyperlipoproteinaemia reduce and increase what ?
* reduce cholesterol synthesis = inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase * increase LDL receptor / HSL expression
52
2 examples of statins that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and reduce cholesterol synthesis
* atorvastatin * simvastatin
53
Examples of bile salt/acid sequestrants as treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemia
* bind bile SALTS in GI tract = cholestyramine (questran) * bind bile ACIDS in GI tract = colestipol (colestid)

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