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A-Level OCR Physics A > 4.2 ENERGY, POWER & RESISTANCE > Flashcards

4.2 ENERGY, POWER & RESISTANCE Flashcards

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1
Q

what does a switch do?

A

turns an electric current on and off

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2
Q

what does a cell do?

A

provides the circuit with a source of energy or emf

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3
Q

what does a lamp do?

A

transforms electrical energy to light energy as a useful form

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4
Q

what does a resistor do?

A

controls the amount of electric current flowing in a circuit or through a component

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5
Q

what does a variable resistor do?

A

controls the amount of electric current flowing in a circuit or through a component but different to a normal resistor because the resistance can be controlled

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6
Q

what does a fuse do?

A

acts as a safety device - will melt or ‘blow’ if the current gets too high

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7
Q

what does a battery do? how is it different to a cell?

A

provides the circuit with a source of energy or emf, a battery is two or more cells

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8
Q

what is an ammeter?

A

measures the amount of electrical current flowing in a circuit or through an electrical component, measured in amps

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9
Q

what is a voltmeter?

A

measures the size of the potential difference in a circuit or through an electrical component

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10
Q

what is a thermistor?

A

a electric component that responds to the temperature of the environment and changes its resistance as a result

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11
Q

what is a diode?

A

a component that allows current to flow only in one direction, often used to protect delicate components from having large currents through them

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12
Q

what does LED stand for?

A

light-emitting diode

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13
Q

what does LDR stand for?

A

light-dependent resistor

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14
Q

what does a LED do?

A

like a diode, allows electrical current to flow through it in only one direction, when current flows through it, it emits light (lamp)

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15
Q

what is the unit for potential difference?

A

volts, V

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16
Q

define potential difference or voltage (p.d)

A

the p.d measured across a component is the energy lost per unit charge by the charges passing through the component (transfers electrical energy to other forms of energy), is it measured in volts

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17
Q

define electromotive force (e.m.f)

A

the e.m.f of a supply is the energy gained per unit charge by charges passing through the supply, when a form of energy is transferred to electrical energy carried by the charges, measured in volts

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18
Q

what is an example of a source of emf?

A

a cell or battery

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19
Q

what is the distinction between emf and pd in terms of energy transfer?

A

p.d = transfers electrical energy into other sources emf = transfers energy from chemical energy into electrical energy

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20
Q

what is the formula for emf?

A

emf or voltage = energy transferred to charge / charge E= W/Q

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21
Q

how must you connect an ammeter in a circuit?

A

in series

22
Q

how must you connect a voltmeter in a circuit?

A

in parallel across the component

23
Q

what happens to the electrons in a conductor when a potential difference is applied across the conductor?

A

the electrons are accelerated and gain kinetic energy

24
Q

what is the equation for the energy transferred to each charged particle? (kinetic energy)

A

eV = 0.5mv^2 where e = charge V = potential difference m = mass of the electron v = velocity of the electron

25
Q

what is Ohm’s law?

A

ohm’s law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided that the physical conditions, such as temperature, remain constant

26
Q

what is the equation for resistance?

A

resistance = voltage / current or V = IR

27
Q

what is resistance measured in?

A

ohms, Ω

28
Q

what factors affect resistance?

A

length - the longer the wire the more difficult it is to make a current flow cross-sectional area - the wider the easier it will be for the electrons to pass along it resistivity - this depends on the material

29
Q

what does it mean if a component as a resistance of 1Ω?

A

a component has a resistance of 1Ω if a potential difference of 1V makes a current of 1A flow through it

30
Q

what is resistivity affected by?

A

temperature -charge is carried through metals by free electrons in a lattice of positive ions -heating up a metal makes it harder for electrons to move about, the ions vibrate more when heated, so the electrons collide with them more often losing energy to other forms

RESISTIVITY OF A METAL INCREASES AS THE TEMP INCREASES

31
Q

what does an I-V graph look like for an ohmic conductor (at a fixed temp)?

A

straight line with constant gradient through the origin (obeys Ohm’s Law, current and voltage are directly proportional), RESISTANCE IS CONSTANT

32
Q

what does an I-V graph look like for filament lamp?

A

-line starts straight, through the origin then starts to curve and flatten as gradient gets close to 0 (S shape)

-at low temp, filament lamp behaves in accordance to Ohm’s

-as the current increases, its temperature increases due to self-heating affect which in turn increases its resistance (resistance of a filament lamp increases as its temp increases)

33
Q

what does an I-V graph look like for LED or diode?

A

-the line is flat until threshold voltage (usually around 0.6V) and then shoots up straight with constant gradient

-diodes and LEDs only let current flow in one direction (from positive to negative, this is called the FORWARD BIAS direction)

-REVERSE BIAS is the reverse direction where the resistance is almost infinite meaning no current, regardless of voltage

34
Q

what does an resistance-temp graph look like for NTC thermistor? and why does it look like this?

A

-exponential curve downwards with negative gradient

-an NTC thermistor changes its resistance as temperature changes

-at LOW temperatures, resistance is HIGH, as temperature increases resistance decreases

-this is because an NTC is a semiconductor and warming it up gives more electrons enough energy to be released, this means that there are more charge carriers available so resistivity and resistance is lower

35
Q

what does an I-V graph look for a LDR (light dependent resistor)?

A

-exponential curve downwards with negative gradient

-at low light intensity (DARK), resistance is high

  • at high light intensity (BRIGHT), resistance is low (useful for switching components on/off under certain conditions of brightness)

-this is because an LDR is a semiconductor and warming it up gives more electrons enough energy to be released, this means that there are more charge carriers available so resisitvity and resistance is lower

36
Q

what does an NTC thermistor stand for?

A

negative temperature coefficient reisistor

37
Q

give some examples of semiconductors?

A

thermistors, LDRs, and diodes

38
Q

what is the equation for resistance?

A

R = ρL / A where R = resistance of the component ρ = the resistivity of the component L = length of the component A = cross sectional area

39
Q

what is resistivity? and what are the units?

A

an intrinsic property that isn’t affected by physical dimensions of the material (only affected by temp.) its units are ohm metres Ωm

40
Q

outline an investigation to determine the resistivity of a metal wire

A

Measure the diameter of the constantan wire using a micrometer. The measurement should be taken between 5-10 times randomly along the wire. Calculate the mean diameter from these values

Set up the equipment so the wire is taped or clamped to the ruler with one end of the circuit attached to the wire where the ruler reads 0. The ammeter is connected in series and the voltmeter in parallel to the wire

Attach the flying lead to the test wire at 0.25 m and set the power supply at a voltage of 6.0 V. Check that this is the voltage through the wire on the voltmeter
Read and record the current from the ammeter, then switch off the current immediately after the reading (the short wire will get very hot)

Vary the distance between the fixed end of the wire and the flying lead in 0.25 m intervals (0.25 m, 0.50 m, 0.75 etc.) until the full length of the 2.0 m wire. The original length and the intervals can be changed (e.g. start at 0.1 m and increase in 0.1 m intervals), as long as there are 8-10 readings

Record the current for each length at least 3 times and calculate an average current, I
For each length, calculate the average resistance of the length of the wire using the equation V=IR

Comparing this to the equation of a straight line: y = mx
y = R
x = L
Gradient = ρ / A

Calculate the cross-sectional area, A, of the wire

ρ = Gradient x A

41
Q

what are the equations for power?

A

P = IV
P = WD / t by substituting V = IR
P = I^2 R
P = V^2 / R

42
Q

what is power defined as?

A

the rate of doing work

43
Q

what is the unit for power?

A

watts, W

44
Q

what is the kilowatt hour a unit of?

A

energy = power x time 1000W for 1 hour

45
Q

what is 1kWh equal to in joules?

A

1000joules x 3600 seconds (in 1 hour) = 3.6 million joules

46
Q

what is the common unit for energy used in households when charging for electricity?

A

kilowatt hours

47
Q

How does the Watt relate to Joules?

A

1 Watt = 1 Joule of energy per second

48
Q

why are kilowatt hours used?

A

more sensible, appropriate unit as large amounts of energy are used in households

49
Q

how does an electron gun work?

A

take a hot filament lamp and place it in a vacuum and apply a potential difference between the lamp and an anode with a small hole. The electrons will then leave the filament lamp by a process called thermionic emission and accelerate towards the anode, with increasing kinetic energy. It is assumed that the kinetic energy at the start is 0. They then line up in a beam due to the small hole in the anode and this is what produces a narrow beam of electrons.

50
Q

what is thermionic emission

A

the emission of electrons by the action of heat

51
Q

What units are Kwh and show the formula from where it’s from

A

It is the unit of Energy and the formula is E/ Pt

52
Q

1KwH is equivalent to

A

3.6MJ or 3.6x10^6J 1KwH= 1000 x 3600

A-Level OCR Physics A (12 decks)

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