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Eduqas GCSE Geology (9-1) > 4.2 Earth Resources and Engineering > Flashcards

4.2 Earth Resources and Engineering Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a hydrogeologist have to do in order to ensure a reliable supply of water?

A
  • asses geological factors affecting siting of reservoirs and dams
  • identify underground supplies of water in aquifers
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2
Q

When water reaches the surface as rain, what can happen to it?

A
  1. run off over surface
  2. evaporate into atmosphere
  3. percolate downwards as groundwater
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3
Q

What factors does the passage of water into rocks depend on?

A
  • porosity

* permeability

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4
Q

When is a rock porous?

A

If its grains have spaces between them that can hold water, or if there are other features in which water can be held

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5
Q

What type of rock is usually more porous?

A

Sedimentary

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6
Q

When is a rock permeable?

A

If water can travel freely from its upper surface to its lower surface

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7
Q

What type of rock is usually more permeable?

A

Sediments with larger, not so compacted grains

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8
Q

Texture of conglomerate rock?

A
  • individual grains - clastic
  • poorly sorted
  • rounded, coarse grains
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9
Q

Texture of granite?

A
  • crystalline

* coarse grained

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10
Q

Texture of desert sandstone?

A
  • clastic - medium grained
  • well sorted
  • well rounded clasts
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11
Q

Texture of oolitic limestone?

A
  • crystalline and clastic (individual oolites)

* medium sized oolites - well sorted

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12
Q

Practical to investigate porosity?

A
  • weigh rock
  • rock put into container and water poured over
  • rock removed from water and weighed again - difference is amount of water it has absorbed
  • rock put into 200cm3 water - record difference for volume
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13
Q

How to calculate percentage porosity?

A

Percentage porosity = (difference in weight / volume of water rise) x 100

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14
Q

Which rocks are more porous; clastic or crystalline?

A

Clastic

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15
Q

Factors for a good dam location?

A
  • high rainfall
  • flow of water into reservoir
  • steep sided valley
  • low construction cost
  • impermeable rock to prevent water loss downwards
  • little/no faulting to cause weaknesses
  • stable slopes to prevent landslides
  • no earthquake activity
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16
Q

What is the easiest way of storing water?

A

Building a dam and letting streams and rivers fill up the area behind the dam to form a reservoir

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17
Q

Is shale permeable?

A

No, it is impermeable

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18
Q

What is the water table?

A

The boundary between the saturated (where porous rocks have become totally saturated with water) and unsaturated rocks

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19
Q

What does the water surface come to the surface of the earth in the form of?

A

Rivers, springs and lakes

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20
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A layer of porous rock saturated with water and underlain by an impermeable layer

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21
Q

What is a cuesta?

A

A hill with one steep side and one gentle side

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22
Q

What happens if too much water is taken from an aquifer?

A

The wells may dry up, or the water level in them might fall significantly

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23
Q

How is a cone of depression formed?

A

From taking too much water from a well

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24
Q

What is an artesian basin?

A

Where water is obtained under pressure from the porous rock lying between the impermeable rock - water rises automatically to the surface due to the pressure it is under from the overlying rocks

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25
Q

What does petroleum include?

A
  • crude oil
  • natural gas
  • tar
26
Q

What does petroleum form from?

A
  • decomposition of tiny plankton
  • die and sink to sea bed and lack oxygen - decomposed to form sapropel
  • increased pressure and converts organic remains to hydrocarbons
27
Q

What is sapropel?

A

Black, organic mud

28
Q

What is the rock called in which the petroleum forms?

A

Source rock

29
Q

What type of rock does petroleum usually form in?

A

Black mudstone

30
Q

What happens when the source rock of petroleum is compacted?

A

The petroleum is squeezed out and migrates upwards through the pores and joints in the overlying rocks

31
Q

What are reservoir rocks?

A

Rocks that oil or gas may collect in

32
Q

What are the most common reservoir rocks?

A

Sandstone and limestone

33
Q

What must be true for petroleum to remain in the reservoir rock?

A

It must be sealed by an overlying rock - through which the petroleum cannot pass

34
Q

What is the overlying rock that often overlies reservoir rocks?

A

Shale or hailte

35
Q

What are traps?

A

When reservoir rocks are part of a structure that can contain the petroleum

36
Q

Types of petroleum trap?

A
  • anticlinal trap
  • fault trap
  • unconformity trap
  • salt dome trap
37
Q

What might be the cause of leakages in petroleum traps?

A

Up faults or along unconformities

38
Q

How are petroleum reserves found?

A
  • study of surface geology to see if there are structures that might contain petroleum
  • geophysical methods - to find deeply buried structures e.g. seismic survey
39
Q

How can seismic surveys find petroleum reserves?

A
  • seismic waves are generated by detonation of explosives in shallow holes or by vibroseis trucks
  • waves bounce off underlying rock
  • when they return to surface, they are received by geophones - record similar to seismograph obtained5
40
Q

What must be drilled where a possible petroleum trap been found?

A

An exploration well

41
Q

What type of oil rigs are used at sea, and why?

A

Semi-submersible and jack-up rigs - as they can move around easily

42
Q

What is a production platform?

A

If petroleum is discovered by drilling and more wells are drilled

43
Q

What is secondary recovery?

A
  • after oil in trap is pushed up through borehole under its own pressure, pressure will drop
  • so gas or water may need to be pumped into trap to recover more petroleum
44
Q

What is drilling mud used for when wells for oil are drilled?

A

To lubricate it

45
Q

How is fracking carried out?

A
  • shale gas companies drill boreholes down into gas-bearing shales
  • borehole lined with steel and concrete casing
  • perforating gun lowered into borehole to make small holes in concrete casing
  • mix of water, chemicals and sand pumped at high pressure along borehole and through perforations which fractures shale
  • water opens up cracks in rock, and sand grains lodge into spaces and keep them open - so gas flows out of rocks and travel back up borehole casing
46
Q

Benefits of fracking?

A
  • ↑ oil and gas production
  • opens new oil resources
  • ↓ price of oil and gas
  • ↑ life of existing oil fields
  • ↑ energy security
47
Q

Drawbacks of fracking?

A
  • use large amount of water
  • pollution of groundwater by chemicals
  • makes existing oil fields unprofitable
  • ↑ consumption of hydrocarbons
  • ↑ drilling activity on land
48
Q

What is carbon capture also known as?

A

Geo-sequestration

49
Q

What is carbon capture?

A

When CO2 is injected into underground geological formations

50
Q

Where can CO2 be injected to increase oil recovery?

A

Declining oil fields

51
Q

Why is injecting CO2 into declining oil fields an attractive option of carbon capture?

A

The geology of hydrocarbon reservoirs is generally well understood and any additional oil can be sold

52
Q

What are disadvantages of injecting CO2 into declining oil fields as a form of carbon capture?

A

Their location and their limited capacity - as well as CO2 emissions from burning the additional oil

53
Q

Where can carbon be stored?

A
  • old hydrocarbon fields (highly impermeable caprock and permeable reservoir rock to trap the CO2)
  • declining oil fields to increase recovery
  • unmineable coal seams
  • salt dome formations - contain highly mineralised brines
54
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of storing carbon in salt dome formations?

A
  • advantages - large potential storage volume

* disadvantages - relatively little known about them

55
Q

Is chalk porous?

A

Yes

56
Q

Can evaporites hold a lot of CO2?

A

Yes

57
Q

What are the reserves of a resource?

A

The calculated amount that is economic to extract

58
Q

What are resources?

A

Naturally occurring useful substances

59
Q

What are the two major problems with the productions of oil from rigs?

A

The safety of the rig and the transport of the petroleum to where it is needed

60
Q

What are the techniques for prospecting oil reserves?

A
  • geological mapping
  • borehole correlation
  • geophysical (seismic, magnetic and ground penetrating radar)
  • geochemical (soil and river sediment analysis)
61
Q

Which factors affect the extraction of underground water from aquifers?

A
  • height of water table
  • porosity/permeability of the aquifer
  • presence of natural springs
  • distribution of wells

Eduqas GCSE Geology (9-1) (13 decks)

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