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Chemistry HWAM > 4.1.1 Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

4.1.1 Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 carbons in a chain

A

Meth,eth,prop,Bute,Pent, hex, sept, oct, non, dec

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2
Q

What is the difference between an alcohol and an aldehyde

A

In the alcohol the OH is joined whereas in the aldehyde they are separate

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3
Q

What is the homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group, but with each differing by CH2

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4
Q

What are the trends in properties of homologous series’s

A

As chain increases:
-flammability decreases
-viscosity increases
-boiling point increases (more intermolecular forces)

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5
Q

What is a saturated molecule

A

A molecule which does not contain carbon to carbon double bond

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6
Q

What is an unsaturated molecule

A

A molecule which contains at least 1 carbon to carbon double bond

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7
Q

What is the definition of an isomer

A

A molecule with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged in different ways

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8
Q

What bonds form in alkanes (C-C,C-H)

A

Sigma bonds

|~~|
\ - /

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9
Q

What is a sigma bond

A

A covalent bond formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals directly between the bonding atoms.

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10
Q

What is the pattern shown in increasing size of carbon chains in alkanes and why does this occur (long answer)

A

As the number of carbons increases, so does the boiling point. This is because:
-the number of electron increase
-so London forces increase
-so more energy required to break intermoleculor forces
-so boiling point increases

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11
Q

Why could the boiling pints of alkanes be affected by their shape (jigsaw model)

A

-the more points of contact the higher the boiling point
-therefore the more branches the less points of contact
-less London forces
-less energy I break intermoleculor forces
-lower boiling point

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12
Q

What are the products of complete combustion

A

(Enough oxygen)
Water and carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What are the products of incomplete combustion

A

(Not enough oxygen)
Carbon monoxide, water and soot

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14
Q

Substitution (reaction) definition

A

When one or group of atoms are replaced by a different atom or group of atoms

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15
Q

What is a radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron. To make these we need ultraviolet light

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16
Q

What are the 3 steps of radical substitution

A

1) initiation- radicals are formed by the presence of UV light
2) propagation- the radicals can react with alkanes (they steal a hydrogen).
3) termination- The new radical can now react with any molecule it comes in contact with. If it reacts with another radical they cancel out
(Cancel all the duplicates out to find the final product)

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17
Q

Definition of homlytic fission

A

Covalent bond broken resulting in each atom gaining 1 unpaired electron

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18
Q

Alkane- structure, suffix and example

A

H H
l l
H-C=C-H
l l
H H
-ANE
ethane

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19
Q

Alkene- structure, suffix and example

A

H H
l l
C = C
l l
H H
-ENE
Ethene

20
Q

Alcohol- structure, suffix and example

A

H H
l l
H-C - C-OH
l l
H H
-OL
Ethanol

21
Q

Aldehyde- structure, suffix and example

A

H H O
l l ll
H - C - C - C - H
l l
H H
-AL
Propanal

22
Q

Ketone- structure, suffix and example

A

H O H
l ll l
H - C - C - C - H
l l
H H
-ONE
propanone

23
Q

Carboxylic acid- structure, suffix and example

A

H O
l ll
H - C - C - OH
l
H
-OIC ACID
ethanoic acid

24
Q

Halogenoalkane- structure and example

A

H H H
I I I
H - C - C - C - F
I I I
H H H
1-fluoropropane

25
Q

Alkyne- structure, suffix and example

A

H - C ≡ C - H
-YNE
ethyne

26
Q

Aromatic functional group(contains a..)

A

Benzene ring

27
Q

Alicyclic functional group

A

Contains one or more all carbon rings saturated or unsaturated

28
Q

2 types of isomers

A

Structural isomers
Stereoisomerism

29
Q

3 types of structural isomerism and their definition (CPF)

A

Chain isomerism- different length of main chain
Positional isomerism- different position of functional group
Functional Group isomerism- different functional group

30
Q

problems with radical substitution

A

Further unwanted radicals can form
further substitutions
Difficult to control

31
Q

are alkenes saturated or unsaturated

A

Unsaturated as they contain a carbon double bond

32
Q

pi bond

A

Sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the Carbon atoms

33
Q

Bond shape and angle of Alkene

A

Trigonal planar, 120

34
Q

stereoisomerism definition

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement in space

35
Q

what do E and Z mean in stereoisomerism

A

E=opposite
Z=together

36
Q

Cahn- Ingold- Prelog rule

A

Assignment of priority based on the highest atomic number.

37
Q

4 Alkene addition reactions

A
  1. Hydrogenation - addition of H2 to form an alkane
  2. Halogenation - Addition of Halogen to form a 1,2 Halogenoalkane
  3. Hydrohalogenation- addition of HX to form 1 halogenoalkane
  4. Hydration- Addition of water to form an alcohol
38
Q

3 mechanism rules

A

Draw out reactant
Mark on any partial charges or lone pairs
curly arrows start at a pair of electrons.

39
Q

Electrophilic Addition mechanism

A
  1. AB molecule moves closer to pi bond and electron density becomes uneven
  2. Electrons are repelled towards the B atom
  3. Pi bond breaks and electron pair forms a bond between the C and A atom
  4. AB bond breaks.
  5. The lone pair of electrons on B form a bond with the positive carbocation.
40
Q

what is bond enthalpy

A

the bond energy- measure of bond strength

41
Q

Alkane relative reactivity

A

Generally unreactive as C-H and C-C bonds have a high bond enthalpy

42
Q

Alkene relative reactivity

A

more reactive than alkanes due to relatively low bond enthalpy of pi bond

43
Q

Addition polymerisation definition

A

the addition of alkenes with themselves to form a long chain poly molecule

44
Q

Structural isomer

A

A molecule with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

45
Q

Radical substitution mechanism

A

Cl2 —> 2Cl°

°Cl + C2H6 —> °C2H5 + HCL
°C2H5 + Cl2 —> C2H5Cl + Cl°

Cl° + Cl°

Cl2 + C2H6 —> C2H5Cl + HCl

Chemistry HWAM (13 decks)

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