4.1.1 Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Stem based on number of carbons in the chain
1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec
Alkane group
Suffix : -ane
Alkene group
Functional group: C=C
Suffix: -ene
Haloalkane
Functional group: C-X
Prefix: halo-
Alcohol
Functional group: C-OH
Prefix: hydroxy-
Suffix: -ol
Aldehyde
Functional group: C double bond O, single bond H
Prefix: oxo-
Suffix: -al
Ketone
Functional group: O double bonded to a middle chain of C
Prefix: oxo-
Suffix: -one
Carboxylic acid
Functional group: C double bond O, single bond OH
Suffix: -oic acid
Esters
Functional group: C single bonded to O in chain, double bonded to O on side
Suffix: alkyl -anoate
When are prefixes used?
When the functional group is outranked
The order is:
Alkane
Alkene
Haloalkane
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic aicd
Esters
What is general formula?
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
For an alkane CnH2n+2
What is structural formula?
For butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3
Or
CH3(CH2)2CH3
What is empirical formula?
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
What is skeletal formula?
Hydrogen atoms are removed from alkyl chains, leaving a carbon skeleton and functional groups
What is a homologous series?
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but each successive member differing by CH2
Learn
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
What is an alkyl group?
A side chain with the general formula CnH2n+1
What is an aliphatic?
A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
What is an alicyclic?
An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
What is an aromatic?
A compound containing a benzene ring
Draw displayed and structural formula of benzene
See notes
What is a side chain of benzene?
Phenyl
C6H5
What is saturated?
Single carbon-carbon bonds only
What is unsaturated?
The presence of multiple carbon-carbon bonds including
C=C, C=-C and aromatic rings
What is a structural isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
What is chain isomerism?
Differences in the carbon chain
Butane and methylpropane
What is positional isomerism?
Chemical group(?) is located on a different position on the carbon chain
Butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol
What is functional group isomerism?
The functional group is at a different position on the carbon chain, making a different type of compound
Propanone and propanal
When do cis and trans isomers occur?
Only with double bonds
What are cis and trans rules
A. E
C=C
B. D
To be cis or trans A /= B and E/=D
And A or B = D or E
Draw cis and trans isomer example
See notes
How to find E/Z isomerism?
- must have a C=C and both carbons must be attached to different groups
1. Locate the C=C and redraw (displayed formula)
2. Give number of priority for each substituent on each C atoms based on ATOMIC NUMBER
3. If highest priority on same side of C=C then isomer is Z (TOGETHER)
4. If highest priority on different sides of C=C then isomer is E (AGAINST)
What are stereoisomers?
Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space
State and explain the features that lead to E/Z isomerism?
- must be C=C to ensure that there is no free rotation
- 2 different groups of atoms attached so that priority can be assigned
