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Chemistry Module 4 > 4.1.1 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons > Flashcards

4.1.1 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

hydrocarbon definition

A

contains hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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2
Q

saturated definition

A

contains only carbon-carbon single bonds

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3
Q

unsaturated definition

A

contains carbon-carbon double bonds

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4
Q

molecular formula definition

A

formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom

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5
Q

empirical formula definition

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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6
Q

general formula definition

A

algebraic formula for a homologous series

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7
Q

structural formula definition

A

minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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8
Q

displayed formula definition

A

shows all the elements and the bonds present within a molecule

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9
Q

skeletal formula definition

A

shows the simplified organic formula by removing any hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

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10
Q

aliphatic definition

A

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or
non-aromatic rings

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11
Q

alicyclic definition

A

an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

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12
Q

aromatic definition

A

an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

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13
Q

Homologous series definition

A

families of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula
they show a gradual change in physical properties
each successive member differs by CH2
same chemical properties

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14
Q

Functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties

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15
Q

Alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

Ane

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16
Q

Alkenes

A

CnH2n

Ene

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17
Q

Alcohols

A

OH

Ol or hydroxy

18
Q

Haloalkanes

A

Chloro
Bromo
Iodo

19
Q

Aldehydes

A

C=O at end
al
Formyl

20
Q

Ketones

A

C=O in the middle
one
Oxo

21
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

C=O OH

oic acid

22
Q

Esters

A

C=O O

-yl-oate

23
Q

Order of priority

A 
Carboxylic acids
Aldehydes
Ketones
Alcohols
Alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
24
Q

General rule for naming carbon chains

A

Count longest chain and name appropriately
Find any branched chains and count carbons
Add appropriate prefix

25
Q

Alkyl groups

A 
Methyl
Ethyl
Propyl
Butyl 
Pentyl
Hexyl
26
Q

Naming Alkenes

A

Double bond between the carbon stakes the number of the lowest carbon it is attached to
May have EZ isomers
More than one double bond then diene or triene and stem ends in a
Suffixes for alkenes can go in front of other suffixes

27
Q

Naming haloalkanes

A

Prefix fluoro chloro brook iodo

28
Q

Naming alcohols

A

OH group
If di or tri then need e on stem name
If alcohol has another group with higher priority then hydroxy-

29
Q

Naming aldehydes

A

Name ends in al
C=O is always on carbon one
If two aldehyde groups then di is before al and e is added to stem

30
Q

Naming ketones

A

End in one

If two ketones then di before one and e is added to stem

31
Q

Naming carboxylic acids

A

End oic acid

Dioic acid if two

32
Q

Naming esters

A

Name right to left

yl anoate

33
Q

Define structural isomer

A

Same molecular formula

Different structural formula

34
Q

How can structural isomers arise

A

Chain isomerism
Position isomerism
Functional group isomerism

35
Q

Define homolytic fission

A

Where each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond

36
Q

When a bond breaks by homolytic fission what forms

A

2 free radicals

37
Q

Define free radical

A

Reactive species which possessed an unpaired electron

38
Q

Define heterolytic fission

A

When a covalent bond breaks and one atom in the share gets both electrons

39
Q

What does heterolytic fission produce

A

Ions

40
Q

What do curly arrows show

A

Movement of electron pair showing either breaking or formation of a covalent bond

41
Q

Where do curly arrows start from

A

A lone pair of electrons or centre of a bond

Chemistry Module 4 (8 decks)

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