4.1.1 Basic concepts and hydrocarbons Flashcards
hydrocarbon definition
contains hydrogen and carbon atoms only
saturated definition
contains only carbon-carbon single bonds
unsaturated definition
contains carbon-carbon double bonds
molecular formula definition
formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom
empirical formula definition
simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
general formula definition
algebraic formula for a homologous series
structural formula definition
minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
displayed formula definition
shows all the elements and the bonds present within a molecule
skeletal formula definition
shows the simplified organic formula by removing any hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
aliphatic definition
a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or
non-aromatic rings
alicyclic definition
an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
aromatic definition
an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
Homologous series definition
families of organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula
they show a gradual change in physical properties
each successive member differs by CH2
same chemical properties
Functional group
An atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties
Alkanes
CnH2n+2
Ane
Alkenes
CnH2n
Ene
Alcohols
OH
Ol or hydroxy
Haloalkanes
Chloro
Bromo
Iodo
Aldehydes
C=O at end
al
Formyl
Ketones
C=O in the middle
one
Oxo
Carboxylic acids
C=O OH
oic acid
Esters
C=O O
-yl-oate
Order of priority
Carboxylic acids Aldehydes Ketones Alcohols Alkenes Halogenoalkanes
General rule for naming carbon chains
Count longest chain and name appropriately
Find any branched chains and count carbons
Add appropriate prefix
Alkyl groups
Methyl Ethyl Propyl Butyl Pentyl Hexyl
Naming Alkenes
Double bond between the carbon stakes the number of the lowest carbon it is attached to
May have EZ isomers
More than one double bond then diene or triene and stem ends in a
Suffixes for alkenes can go in front of other suffixes
Naming haloalkanes
Prefix fluoro chloro brook iodo
Naming alcohols
OH group
If di or tri then need e on stem name
If alcohol has another group with higher priority then hydroxy-
Naming aldehydes
Name ends in al
C=O is always on carbon one
If two aldehyde groups then di is before al and e is added to stem
Naming ketones
End in one
If two ketones then di before one and e is added to stem
Naming carboxylic acids
End oic acid
Dioic acid if two
Naming esters
Name right to left
yl anoate
Define structural isomer
Same molecular formula
Different structural formula
How can structural isomers arise
Chain isomerism
Position isomerism
Functional group isomerism
Define homolytic fission
Where each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond
When a bond breaks by homolytic fission what forms
2 free radicals
Define free radical
Reactive species which possessed an unpaired electron
Define heterolytic fission
When a covalent bond breaks and one atom in the share gets both electrons
What does heterolytic fission produce
Ions
What do curly arrows show
Movement of electron pair showing either breaking or formation of a covalent bond
Where do curly arrows start from
A lone pair of electrons or centre of a bond
