4.1.1. Basic concepts Flashcards
Empirical formula
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule
Molecular formula
The actual ratio of atoms in a molecule
Displayed formula
Formula to show every atom and bond in a molecule
Structural formula
Formula to show the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
Skeletal formula
Formula using lines where each vertex represents a carbon atom
Homologous series
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but each successive member differing by -CH2
Functional group
A group of atoms that determine the characteristics of a compound
Aliphatic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon where carbon atoms are arranged in a straight or branched chain
alicyclic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon where carbon atoms are arranged in a non-aromatic ring
Aromatic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon containing a benzene ring
State suffixes for:
No double bonds
At least one double bond
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic Acid
No double bonds → -ane
At least one double bond → -ene
Alcohol → -ol
Aldehyde → -al
Ketone → -one
Carboxylic Acid → -oic acid
State prefixes for:
CH₃ group
C₂H₅ group
C₃H₇ group
C₄H₉ group
Cl group
Br group
I group
CH₃ group → methyl-
C₂H₅ group → ethyl-
C₃H₇ group → propyl-
C₄H₉ group → butyl-
Cl group → chloro-
Br group → bromo-
I group → iodo-
State General formula for:
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alcohols
Alkanes: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
Alkenes: CₙH₂ₙ
Alcohols: CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
Saturated compounds
Organic compounds that only contain single bonds
Unsaturated compounds
Organic compounds that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond
Structural isomerism
Same molecular formula, different structural formula
Stereoisomers
Same molecular formula, different arrangement of atoms in space.
E-Z isomerism
Rotation of substituents about a carbon-carbon double bond
Two substituents with the highest atomic number on the same side - Z isomer
On different sides - E isomer
Cis-trans isomerism
A type of E-Z isomerism
Two substituents on each carbon atom are the same
Homolytic fission
Each bonding atom receives one electron from the covalent bond, forming two radicals.
Heterolytic fission
One bonding atom receives the bonding pair of electrons from a covalent bond.
Radicals
A species with an unpaired electron.
Radicals are highly reactive.
Formed when homolytic fission occurs.
What occurs when two radicals combine
The unpaired electrons form a covalent bond
