4.10: The reproductive system (part 1 of 3) Flashcards
Which nervous system stimulates erections
Parasympathetic stimulation
Which nervous system stimulates Ejectulation
Sympathetic
Where do the testes drain lymph to
Para-aortic lymph nodes
What is the site of hormone and sperm secretion in men
Testes
What is the sperm stored in
Epididymis
What happens to sperm if it is not used
Break down in the Epididymis
What do the sperm travel through
Ductus deferens
5 components of seminal fluid
Fructose
Citric acid
Bicarbonate
Fibrinogen
Fibrinolytic enzymes
Function of spermatic chord
Suspends testes outside of body
Where is the spermatic cord formed
At deep inguinal ring
5 structures the spermatic cord contains
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
Autonomic and GF nerves
Lymph vessels
Vas deferens
What muscles are found in the penis (3)
2x Corpora Cavemosa
1x Corpora Spongiosum
How do errections happen
Parasympathetic stimulation causes arterial vasodilation
Blood goes into penis
Blocking venous drainage
Three connective tissue layers around testes
Tunica vasculosa (innermost)
Tunica albuginea
Tunica vaginalis (outermost)
Where is sperm manufactured
Seminiferous tubule
How long is the vas deferens
40cm (when a man is sterilised this is cut)
Where do the ovaries drain lymph to
Para-aortic lympth nodes
Where does the uterus drain lympth to
Iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal Lympth nodes
What are the ovaries inside of
Peritoneal cavity
2 characteristics of fallopian tubes
Cilia and spiral muscle
Where does fertilisation occur
Ampulla (wider part of fallopian tube)
What is the uterus supported by
Tone id pelvic floor (lavator Ani and coccygeus)
Ligaments (broad, round, uterosacral)
What is the endometrium shed by during menses
Vasoconstriction of arterioles
What is 1cm lateral to the cervix
Ureter
Characteristic of all areas superior to cervix
Sterile ( shedding thick mucus, narrow, ph<4.5 )
Gametogenesis is the
Production of gametes for reproduction
When does gametogenesis begin
At puberty
What happens to spermatogonia during gametogenesis
Undergo differentiation and self-renewal
Pool available for subsequent spermatogenic cycles throughout life (continuous fertility)
How many sperm do gonads produce per minute
1500 mature sperm/second
Oogonia before birth
Multiplication of oogonia (6million/min)
Form 1° oocytes within ovarian follicles (primordial follicle)
These begin meiosis (halted in prophase)
Some primordial follicles degenerate (atresia)
How many eggs survive at birth
2million/ovary remain
How many eggs remain at puberty
<0.5 million/ovary (due to further artresia)
Gametogenesis in males is called
Spermatogenesis
Process of gametogenesis
Spermatogonium undergo mitosis (diploid)
1° spermatocytes undergo their first meiotic division (diploid)
2° spermatocytes undergo 2nd meiotic division (haploid)
Spermatic undergo differentiation into spermatozoa
3 hormones produced by male testes
Androgens
Inhibin + Activin
Oestrogens (from androgen aromatisation)
3 androgens produced by the testes
Testosterone
Dihydrotestostsrone
Androstenedione
Where are Sertoli cells found
Within seminiferous tubules
What receptors do Sertoli cells have
FSH receptors
Leydig cells are found
Between seminiferous tubules
2 characteristics of Leydig cells
Pale cytoplasm as cholesterol rich
LH receptors
Function of Sertoli cells
Support developing germ cells
Hormone synthesis
How do Sertoli cells support developing germ cells
Assist movement of germ cells to tubular lumen
Transfer nutrient from capillaries to developing germ cells
Phagocytosis of damaged germ cells
What hormones do Sertoli cells synthesise
Inhibin and activin
Anti-mullerian hormone AMH
androgen binding protein ABP
Function of Leydig cell
Hormone synthesis : on LH stimulation, secrete androgens
What androgens do Leydig cells cause synthesis of
Testosterone - oestrogens
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) - aromatised to oestrogen
Gametogenesis in females is called
Oogenesis
Process of Oogenesis
Oogonium (diploid) undergoes mitosis to form 1° oocytes (diploid) - 2nd trimester of pregnancy, all develop into primordial follicles
They then undergo 1st meiotic division forming 2° oocytes (haploid)- menarche
Undergo 2nd meiotic division during sperm fusion becoming ootids (haploid)
Ootids differentiate into Ova
Folliculogenesis
- Primordial follicle
- Primary follicle - 1° oocyte and layers of granulosa cells on the outer Theca cells
- Secondary follicle - fluid-filled cavity develops, FSH and LH receptors
- Mature follicle - forms due to LH surge, 2° oocyte formed
- Ruptures surface of ovary
6-7. Corpus luteum
Progesterone and oestrogen (stim by LH/HCG)
In pregnancy, progesterone and oestrogen production taken over by placenta
What 5 hormone types do the ovaries produce
Oestrogens
Progestogens
Androgens
Relaxin
Inhibin
What 3types of oestrogens do the ovaries produce
Oestradiol
Oestrone
Oestriol
What 3 androgens do the ovaries produce
Testosterone
Androstenedione
DHEA
Theca cell is associated with
Outer part of ovarian follicles
Granulosa cell is associated with
Inner part of ovarian follicles
Function of the Theca cell
Support folliculogenesis - structural and nutritional support of growing follicle
Hormone synthesis - LH stimulates synthesis of androgens : over activity -> high androgen levels
Function of the granulosa cell
Hormone synthesis - FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to oestrogens, secrete Inhibin and activin
Post ovulation : turn into granulosa lutein cells that produce progesterone (-ve feedback, promote pregnancy by maintaining endometrium) and relaxin (helps endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens pelvic ligaments)
Two sex steroid hormones
Oestradiol
Testosterone
What inhibits kisspeptin neurones
Hyperprolactinaemia
Process of kisspeptin neurone inhibition
Prolactin binds to prolactin receptors on kisspeptin neurones in hypothalamus
Inhibits kisspeptin release
Decreases in downstream (GnRH/LH/FSH/T/Oest)
Oligo (>35d menses)or amenorrhoea (3-6m no menses)/ low libido / infertility/ osteoporosis
