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BRS 4: Endocrinology > 4.10: The reproductive system (part 1 of 3) > Flashcards

4.10: The reproductive system (part 1 of 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Which nervous system stimulates erections

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

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2
Q

Which nervous system stimulates Ejectulation

A

Sympathetic

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3
Q

Where do the testes drain lymph to

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes

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4
Q

What is the site of hormone and sperm secretion in men

A

Testes

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5
Q

What is the sperm stored in

A

Epididymis

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6
Q

What happens to sperm if it is not used

A

Break down in the Epididymis

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7
Q

What do the sperm travel through

A

Ductus deferens

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8
Q

5 components of seminal fluid

A

Fructose
Citric acid
Bicarbonate
Fibrinogen
Fibrinolytic enzymes

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9
Q

Function of spermatic chord

A

Suspends testes outside of body

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10
Q

Where is the spermatic cord formed

A

At deep inguinal ring

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11
Q

5 structures the spermatic cord contains

A

Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
Autonomic and GF nerves
Lymph vessels
Vas deferens

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12
Q

What muscles are found in the penis (3)

A

2x Corpora Cavemosa
1x Corpora Spongiosum

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13
Q

How do errections happen

A

Parasympathetic stimulation causes arterial vasodilation
Blood goes into penis
Blocking venous drainage

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14
Q

Three connective tissue layers around testes

A

Tunica vasculosa (innermost)
Tunica albuginea
Tunica vaginalis (outermost)

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15
Q

Where is sperm manufactured

A

Seminiferous tubule

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16
Q

How long is the vas deferens

A

40cm (when a man is sterilised this is cut)

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17
Q

Where do the ovaries drain lymph to

A

Para-aortic lympth nodes

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18
Q

Where does the uterus drain lympth to

A

Iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal Lympth nodes

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19
Q

What are the ovaries inside of

A

Peritoneal cavity

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20
Q

2 characteristics of fallopian tubes

A

Cilia and spiral muscle

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21
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

Ampulla (wider part of fallopian tube)

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22
Q

What is the uterus supported by

A

Tone id pelvic floor (lavator Ani and coccygeus)
Ligaments (broad, round, uterosacral)

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23
Q

What is the endometrium shed by during menses

A

Vasoconstriction of arterioles

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24
Q

What is 1cm lateral to the cervix

A

Ureter

25
Q

Characteristic of all areas superior to cervix

A

Sterile ( shedding thick mucus, narrow, ph<4.5 )

26
Q

Gametogenesis is the

A

Production of gametes for reproduction

27
Q

When does gametogenesis begin

A

At puberty

28
Q

What happens to spermatogonia during gametogenesis

A

Undergo differentiation and self-renewal
Pool available for subsequent spermatogenic cycles throughout life (continuous fertility)

29
Q

How many sperm do gonads produce per minute

A

1500 mature sperm/second

30
Q

Oogonia before birth

A

Multiplication of oogonia (6million/min)
Form 1° oocytes within ovarian follicles (primordial follicle)
These begin meiosis (halted in prophase)
Some primordial follicles degenerate (atresia)

31
Q

How many eggs survive at birth

A

2million/ovary remain

32
Q

How many eggs remain at puberty

A

<0.5 million/ovary (due to further artresia)

33
Q

Gametogenesis in males is called

A

Spermatogenesis

34
Q

Process of gametogenesis

A

Spermatogonium undergo mitosis (diploid)
1° spermatocytes undergo their first meiotic division (diploid)
2° spermatocytes undergo 2nd meiotic division (haploid)
Spermatic undergo differentiation into spermatozoa

35
Q

3 hormones produced by male testes

A

Androgens
Inhibin + Activin
Oestrogens (from androgen aromatisation)

36
Q

3 androgens produced by the testes

A

Testosterone
Dihydrotestostsrone
Androstenedione

37
Q

Where are Sertoli cells found

A

Within seminiferous tubules

38
Q

What receptors do Sertoli cells have

A

FSH receptors

39
Q

Leydig cells are found

A

Between seminiferous tubules

40
Q

2 characteristics of Leydig cells

A

Pale cytoplasm as cholesterol rich
LH receptors

41
Q

Function of Sertoli cells

A

Support developing germ cells
Hormone synthesis

42
Q

How do Sertoli cells support developing germ cells

A

Assist movement of germ cells to tubular lumen
Transfer nutrient from capillaries to developing germ cells
Phagocytosis of damaged germ cells

43
Q

What hormones do Sertoli cells synthesise

A

Inhibin and activin
Anti-mullerian hormone AMH
androgen binding protein ABP

44
Q

Function of Leydig cell

A

Hormone synthesis : on LH stimulation, secrete androgens

45
Q

What androgens do Leydig cells cause synthesis of

A

Testosterone - oestrogens
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) - aromatised to oestrogen

46
Q

Gametogenesis in females is called

A

Oogenesis

47
Q

Process of Oogenesis

A

Oogonium (diploid) undergoes mitosis to form 1° oocytes (diploid) - 2nd trimester of pregnancy, all develop into primordial follicles
They then undergo 1st meiotic division forming 2° oocytes (haploid)- menarche
Undergo 2nd meiotic division during sperm fusion becoming ootids (haploid)
Ootids differentiate into Ova

48
Q

Folliculogenesis

A
  1. Primordial follicle
  2. Primary follicle - 1° oocyte and layers of granulosa cells on the outer Theca cells
  3. Secondary follicle - fluid-filled cavity develops, FSH and LH receptors
  4. Mature follicle - forms due to LH surge, 2° oocyte formed
  5. Ruptures surface of ovary
    6-7. Corpus luteum
    Progesterone and oestrogen (stim by LH/HCG)
    In pregnancy, progesterone and oestrogen production taken over by placenta
49
Q

What 5 hormone types do the ovaries produce

A

Oestrogens
Progestogens
Androgens
Relaxin
Inhibin

50
Q

What 3types of oestrogens do the ovaries produce

A

Oestradiol
Oestrone
Oestriol

51
Q

What 3 androgens do the ovaries produce

A

Testosterone
Androstenedione
DHEA

52
Q

Theca cell is associated with

A

Outer part of ovarian follicles

53
Q

Granulosa cell is associated with

A

Inner part of ovarian follicles

54
Q

Function of the Theca cell

A

Support folliculogenesis - structural and nutritional support of growing follicle
Hormone synthesis - LH stimulates synthesis of androgens : over activity -> high androgen levels

55
Q

Function of the granulosa cell

A

Hormone synthesis - FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to oestrogens, secrete Inhibin and activin
Post ovulation : turn into granulosa lutein cells that produce progesterone (-ve feedback, promote pregnancy by maintaining endometrium) and relaxin (helps endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens pelvic ligaments)

56
Q

Two sex steroid hormones

A

Oestradiol
Testosterone

57
Q

What inhibits kisspeptin neurones

A

Hyperprolactinaemia

58
Q

Process of kisspeptin neurone inhibition

A

Prolactin binds to prolactin receptors on kisspeptin neurones in hypothalamus
Inhibits kisspeptin release
Decreases in downstream (GnRH/LH/FSH/T/Oest)
Oligo (>35d menses)or amenorrhoea (3-6m no menses)/ low libido / infertility/ osteoporosis

BRS 4: Endocrinology (10 decks)

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