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BRS 4: Endocrinology > 4.10: The reproductive system (part 1 of 3) > Flashcards

4.10: The reproductive system (part 1 of 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Which nervous system stimulates erections

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

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2
Q

Which nervous system stimulates Ejectulation

A

Sympathetic

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3
Q

Where do the testes drain lymph to

A

Para-aortic lymph nodes

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4
Q

What is the site of hormone and sperm secretion in men

A

Testes

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5
Q

What is the sperm stored in

A

Epididymis

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6
Q

What happens to sperm if it is not used

A

Break down in the Epididymis

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7
Q

What do the sperm travel through

A

Ductus deferens

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8
Q

5 components of seminal fluid

A

Fructose
Citric acid
Bicarbonate
Fibrinogen
Fibrinolytic enzymes

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9
Q

Function of spermatic chord

A

Suspends testes outside of body

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10
Q

Where is the spermatic cord formed

A

At deep inguinal ring

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11
Q

5 structures the spermatic cord contains

A

Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
Autonomic and GF nerves
Lymph vessels
Vas deferens

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12
Q

What muscles are found in the penis (3)

A

2x Corpora Cavemosa
1x Corpora Spongiosum

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13
Q

How do errections happen

A

Parasympathetic stimulation causes arterial vasodilation
Blood goes into penis
Blocking venous drainage

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14
Q

Three connective tissue layers around testes

A

Tunica vasculosa (innermost)
Tunica albuginea
Tunica vaginalis (outermost)

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15
Q

Where is sperm manufactured

A

Seminiferous tubule

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16
Q

How long is the vas deferens

A

40cm (when a man is sterilised this is cut)

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17
Q

Where do the ovaries drain lymph to

A

Para-aortic lympth nodes

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18
Q

Where does the uterus drain lympth to

A

Iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal Lympth nodes

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19
Q

What are the ovaries inside of

A

Peritoneal cavity

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20
Q

2 characteristics of fallopian tubes

A

Cilia and spiral muscle

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21
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

Ampulla (wider part of fallopian tube)

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22
Q

What is the uterus supported by

A

Tone id pelvic floor (lavator Ani and coccygeus)
Ligaments (broad, round, uterosacral)

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23
Q

What is the endometrium shed by during menses

A

Vasoconstriction of arterioles

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24
Q

What is 1cm lateral to the cervix

25
Characteristic of all areas superior to cervix
Sterile ( shedding thick mucus, narrow, ph<4.5 )
26
Gametogenesis is the
Production of gametes for reproduction
27
When does gametogenesis begin
At puberty
28
What happens to spermatogonia during gametogenesis
Undergo differentiation and self-renewal Pool available for subsequent spermatogenic cycles throughout life (continuous fertility)
29
How many sperm do gonads produce per minute
1500 mature sperm/second
30
Oogonia before birth
Multiplication of oogonia (6million/min) Form 1° oocytes within ovarian follicles (primordial follicle) These begin meiosis (halted in prophase) Some primordial follicles degenerate (atresia)
31
How many eggs survive at birth
2million/ovary remain
32
How many eggs remain at puberty
<0.5 million/ovary (due to further artresia)
33
Gametogenesis in males is called
Spermatogenesis
34
Process of gametogenesis
Spermatogonium undergo mitosis (diploid) 1° spermatocytes undergo their first meiotic division (diploid) 2° spermatocytes undergo 2nd meiotic division (haploid) Spermatic undergo differentiation into spermatozoa
35
3 hormones produced by male testes
Androgens Inhibin + Activin Oestrogens (from androgen aromatisation)
36
3 androgens produced by the testes
Testosterone Dihydrotestostsrone Androstenedione
37
Where are Sertoli cells found
Within seminiferous tubules
38
What receptors do Sertoli cells have
FSH receptors
39
Leydig cells are found
Between seminiferous tubules
40
2 characteristics of Leydig cells
Pale cytoplasm as cholesterol rich LH receptors
41
Function of Sertoli cells
Support developing germ cells Hormone synthesis
42
How do Sertoli cells support developing germ cells
Assist movement of germ cells to tubular lumen Transfer nutrient from capillaries to developing germ cells Phagocytosis of damaged germ cells
43
What hormones do Sertoli cells synthesise
Inhibin and activin Anti-mullerian hormone AMH androgen binding protein ABP
44
Function of Leydig cell
Hormone synthesis : on LH stimulation, secrete androgens
45
What androgens do Leydig cells cause synthesis of
Testosterone - oestrogens Androstenedione Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) - aromatised to oestrogen
46
Gametogenesis in females is called
Oogenesis
47
Process of Oogenesis
Oogonium (diploid) undergoes mitosis to form 1° oocytes (diploid) - 2nd trimester of pregnancy, all develop into primordial follicles They then undergo 1st meiotic division forming 2° oocytes (haploid)- menarche Undergo 2nd meiotic division during sperm fusion becoming ootids (haploid) Ootids differentiate into Ova
48
Folliculogenesis
1. Primordial follicle 2. Primary follicle - 1° oocyte and layers of granulosa cells on the outer Theca cells 3. Secondary follicle - fluid-filled cavity develops, FSH and LH receptors 4. Mature follicle - forms due to LH surge, 2° oocyte formed 5. Ruptures surface of ovary 6-7. Corpus luteum Progesterone and oestrogen (stim by LH/HCG) In pregnancy, progesterone and oestrogen production taken over by placenta
49
What 5 hormone types do the ovaries produce
Oestrogens Progestogens Androgens Relaxin Inhibin
50
What 3types of oestrogens do the ovaries produce
Oestradiol Oestrone Oestriol
51
What 3 androgens do the ovaries produce
Testosterone Androstenedione DHEA
52
Theca cell is associated with
Outer part of ovarian follicles
53
Granulosa cell is associated with
Inner part of ovarian follicles
54
Function of the Theca cell
Support folliculogenesis - structural and nutritional support of growing follicle Hormone synthesis - LH stimulates synthesis of androgens : over activity -> high androgen levels
55
Function of the granulosa cell
Hormone synthesis - FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to oestrogens, secrete Inhibin and activin Post ovulation : turn into granulosa lutein cells that produce progesterone (-ve feedback, promote pregnancy by maintaining endometrium) and relaxin (helps endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens pelvic ligaments)
56
Two sex steroid hormones
Oestradiol Testosterone
57
What inhibits kisspeptin neurones
Hyperprolactinaemia
58
Process of kisspeptin neurone inhibition
Prolactin binds to prolactin receptors on kisspeptin neurones in hypothalamus Inhibits kisspeptin release Decreases in downstream (GnRH/LH/FSH/T/Oest) Oligo (>35d menses)or amenorrhoea (3-6m no menses)/ low libido / infertility/ osteoporosis

BRS 4: Endocrinology (10 decks)

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